RESEARCH

BULLETS
Prepared by: TERZ, BSN, RN, RN
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Simple Hypothesis
 Thishypothesis predicts the relationship
between one independent variable and
one dependent variable

 Performance in the College of Nursing is

related to success in the nurses’ licensure
examination.
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
 predictsthe relationship between
two or more independent variables
and two or more dependent variables

 “Heredity, home environment, and

quality of instruction are related to
intelligence, motivation, and
performance in school
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
 specifies
the direction of the
relationship between the variables
being studied

 Peoplewho smoke are more prone to

lung cancer than those who do not
smoke
 Otherwise known as PREDICTIVE
Hypothesis
NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
 predicts only that there is
relationship between the variables
being studied:

 There is a difference in the level of

anxiety of pre-surgical patients who
receive pre-operative instruction
than those who do not receive such
instruction.
NULL HYPOTHESIS
 isan assumption that there is no
difference between the studied
variables

 There will be no correlation between

liberalization of attitudes and
completion of a course in human
sexuality.
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES/
METHODS
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLING
undergoes selection by
chance

a lottery draw is one of the

best examples.
STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
 the
population is subdivided into
areas, sections, and then random
samples are taken from each.

 sample is divided into students of

year levels such as first year, second
year, third year, fourth year and
random samples are taken from each
level
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
 Thisconsists of taking every nth
person in a school, community or
telephone directory

 In
a study of health problems in the
community, the researcher may
decide to study every fifth family.
CLUSTER SAMPLING
A small sample is taken from
various selections of the total
population

 Instudying the attitudes of nurses

in Metro Manila toward their work,
a small sample from each hospital
will be taken
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
 involvescollecting data from anyone
most conveniently available such as
people on a street corner or in a
hospital or class

 weakest form of sampling and is

subject to bias
SNOWBALL SAMPLING
a kind of convenience sampling that
involves subjects suggesting or
referring other subjects who meet
the researcher’s eligibility criteria

 Networking
JUDGMENTAL OR PURPOSIVE
SAMPLING

 researcherselects and studies a

specific number of a special group
that represents the target population
with regards to certain
characteristics such as age, sex, or
economic status

 Tapping the deans of nursing

colleges for nursing education
studies.
CROSS CULTURAL SAMPLING
the study is conducted in a
variety of cultural settings

Getting samples from Tagalogs,

Ilocanos, Visayans, Pampangos,
Bicolanos
LONGITUDINAL SAMPLING
A given group of subjects are studied for
an extended period of time, which can be
retrospective or prospective

 Prospective sampling – Mastectomy

patients are studied from operation to
three years after discharge
 Retrospective sampling – Growth of
newborn two years ago to the present
CROSS SECTIONAL SAMPLING
 Thesubjects are observed at only
one point in time

 Asking high school students their

choice of career after graduation
QUOTA SAMPLING
 The researcher identifies the strata
of the population and determines the
proportion of elements needed in the
various segments of the population