Project management and construction

Chaithra gowda
Pavan km
Sunidhi n prasad
EARTH MOVING EQUIPMENT
• Earthmoving equipment is heavy equipment, typically heavy-duty
vehicles designed for construction operations which involve
earthworks.
• They are used to move large amounts of earth, to dig foundations
for landscaping and so on.
• Earth-moving equipment covers a broad range of machines that can
excavate and grade soil and rock, along with other jobs.
• Earth movers and other heavy equipment help to speed not only earth
work but also materials handling, demolition, and construction.
TRACTOR

• Tractor is a multipurpose machine commonly used at

construction sites. Light duty tractors are wheel type and are
used to carry loads over short distance.
• Heavy duty tractors are track type and are employed mostly for
earth moving operations.
• Tractor is a basic equipment and different attachments can be
mounted to do variety of operations. Bulldozer blade, pipe layer,
trenchers are some of the common attachments mounted at
building site.
 EXCAVATORS

• Excavators can be utilised over wheels or treads and are used most often
to shovel dirt or lift heavy pieces of machinery.
• They are usually obvious on account of their long bucket arm attached
to a cab which pivots.
• Excavators are operated by a worker who, in the cab, has high visibility
over the work area.
• It is connected to the back of a tractor with a burrowing container
appended toward the end.

BULLDOZER

• A bulldozer is a tracked tractor that has an integral metal blade used to drive a
significant magnitude of soil, sand, debris, etc., generated during construction
• It is a multipurpose equipment generally used to scrape soft soil and to pull it to the
front.
• Different types of dozers are available.
• It is frame mounted unit with a curved blade at the front of the tractor.
• It is a pushing unit and it is used for short hauls upto 100m
• The major components of a bulldozer are the blade and the ripper. The ripper can be
identified as the extended device at the bulldozer rear. Rippers contain only one shank,
or can be in groupings of two or more that are called as multiple shank rippers
Bulldozers of various capacity are available for specific usage at construction site

1. Position of blades

• Bulldozers in which the blade is perpendicular to the direction of the movement

• Angle dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of the movement

Based on mountings
1. Wheel type

• This has 4 wheels driven by a 4 wheel drive system and has a hydraulic, articulated
steering system
• The blade is mounted forward of the articulation joint and is hydraulically
actuated

2. Tracked type

• They are used in farms, where soil are difficult to cultivate

• More power can be transmitted to the drawbar than wheel tractors
• Maintanance cost are higher than wheel tractors
• Unlike wheel tractors they must be from field to field by low loader
• Power rating 65 to 700hp
DRAGLINE

• This equipment is suitable for underwater excavation.

• The bucket capacity ranges from 1 to 15cu.m
• Dragline consist of a bloom,bucket,hoist and cables
• Heavy type bloom is used for handling rock material.
• Medium type is used for handling clay and compacted soil or natural ground.
• Light type is suitable for loose and dry soil.
• Boom with perforated bucket is used for underwater works to drain out water.

A large bucket is attached with dragline boom (it is truss like structure). Bucket is
controlled with the help of number of ropes and chains. There are two separate
function ropes are attached with bucket. USES OF DRAGLINE
These are
• Hoist rope Dragline is used for;
• Drag rope • Road excavation
• Deep down pile driving
Hoist rope is controlled with the help of electric motor and it supports the hoist-coupler
• Construction of ports, harbor etc.
assembly and the bucket from the boom. • Surface mining
The second one i.e., drag rope is used for drawing of bucket horizontally towards the • Deep down excavation
machine. • Under water excavation
TRENCHING EQUIPMENT

This equipment is used for digging trenches of desired depth and width at a
faster rate.
It consist of tractor, excavating device and means to convey excavated material to
either site of the trench.

WHEEL TYPE

• Depth upto 3m
• Width 3m-6m
• Power driven wheel provided with number of detachable buckets
• A belt conveyor is used for discharging the earth.

LADDER TYPE

• Consist of a telescopic ladder or a boom

• Depth upto 10m
• Width of 3m
• Not suitable for muddy and rocky soils
• With the help of gears speed can be adjusted.
SCRAPER

• A scraper can move dirt and aggregates quickly around a construction site
and is used primarily for digging and leveling large areas of land.
• Scrapers are large heavy equipment designed for open areas, where they
can run at high speeds for cut and fill operations.
• Large self-propelled scrapers are called motor scrapers.
• There are also smaller scrapers, called pull scrapers, that are pulled
behind another vehicle.
• It consists of a large scoop with cutting edge. This scoop is in the form
bucket on hollow container which is known as bowl.
• The scoop can excavate, transport and dump the material wherever
required.
• The cutting edge of scoop does the excavate work and the excavated
material goes on collecting in howl from the front gate.
• The material is transported to the site of dumping and is taken out from the
tail gate of the bowl.
• This provides uniform thick layer.

TYPES
• Crawler
• wheel
TRUCKS

A basic need to move and haul raw materials and finished products to site and away
for selected purposes.
It is available in different tonnages(1-10 tonnes)

DUMP TRUCK

• A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel,
or demolition waste) for construction.
• Dump trucks are used to move aggregates from one point to another and using the
hydraulic components to lift up the rear contents so it can fall to the ground.

OFF-ROAD DUMP TRUCKS

Also known as articulated trucks, off-roads are big trucks used essentially for mining
operations or in situations where large amounts of aggregate needs to be hauled.
Their big size and heavy load makes them ideal for off-road situations (rough terrain)
and not recommended for being used over roads or developed areas. Also, they are
among the best when hauling long distances. They are capable of handling loads up to
60 tons. Articulated dump trucks have a hinge between the cab and the bed box.
TRANSFER DUMP TRUCKS

• Transfer dump trucks are trucks pulled by a separate trailer. The main
characteristic of transfer dump trucks is that the separate trailer has a
movable cargo container.
• This configuration will maximize loads capacity.
• The separate container is powered by an electric motor mounted on the
tractor.
• This type of configuration is not allowed in all states due to weight
restrictions.

SIDE DUMP TRUKS

• Side dump trucks are among the fastest dump trucks to unload. They have
one of the largest capacities of these types of trucks, and they have the
characteristic that it will tilt to the side to dump the material to the ground.
• They offer safety against tipping over, but because of their length.
• Due to this characteristic, these trucks cannot always be used and they are
preferred in projects on which the site has plenty of space to maneuver.
• Side dump trucks will carry less volume of a load than traditional standard
dump trucks.
STANDARD DUMP TRUCK

• The regular dump truck is the most common one used in the
construction industry.
• The dump chassis is lifted by a hydraulic ram mounted between
the cab and the truck body.
• It has one front axle and one or more rear axles.
• The common configurations for standard dump trucks include the
six-wheeler and ten-wheeler.
• however, they can not be used over soft soils

There are other dump truck configurations, though they're not as common
as the previous ones. These are some additional dump truck types:

Truck and Pup: Very similar to a transfer dump truck but it differentiates by
having its own hydraulic ram. It is capable of stand-alone dumping.

Superdump Truck: A unique dump truck capable of carrying large loads.

The Superdump truck is particularly useful for asphalt and concrete paving
applications. Super dump
HAUL TRUCK

• Haul trucks are used in large surface mines and quarries

.
• They have a rigid frame and conventional steering with
drive at the rear wheel.

• As of late 2013, the largest ever production haul truck is

the 450 metric ton BelAZ 75710, followed by the Liebherr
T 282B, the Bucyrus MT6300AC and the Caterpillar 797F,
which each have payload capacities of up to 400 short
tons (363 t; 357 long tons).

• Most large size haul trucks employ Diesel-electric

powertrains, using the Diesel engine to drive an AC
alternator or DC generator that sends electric power to
electric motors at each rear wheel.

• The Caterpillar 797 is unique for its size, as it employs a

Diesel engine to power a mechanical powertrain
COMPACTION EQUIPMENT

• Compaction reduces total pore space of a soil.

• More importantly it significantly reduces the amount of large pore space, reducing air and water
movement into and through the soil.

EARLY SMOOTH DRUM ROLLERS

Smooth drum rollers evolved from steam powered road rollers of the 1800s. Smooth drum rollers
work best for well-graded granular soils of low plasticity, gravel subbase mixtures, and A/C pavements.
SHEEPSFOOT ROLLER

• Light standard sheepsfoot roller, with 42-inch diameter

drums weigh between 8000 and 16000 lbs per 8 ft
width and exert contact pressures from 1000 to 300 psi,
with spike contact area of 5 to 8 square inches.
• The spikes compact a zone 2 to 8 inches beneath their
tips. This roller first appeared in California around 1930.

Sheepsfoot rollers “walk out” of the soil as it

becomes densified, leaving the uppermost 1 to 2 inches
uncompacted (don’t test the upper two inches – ever!)

Roller compactors cannot compact soils

adjacent to walls or near-vertical cuts. Compaction can
be achieved by ramping the soil up against the wall
(shown here) or inclining the backcut at 45 degrees or
less.
SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLERS

• Smooth wheel rollers are one of the most common types of

compaction eqiuipment used.
• Weighing from 5 to 15 tones.
• They are suitable for compacting sand, gravel, broken stones etc.
• They are used for compacting highway base courses.

RUBBER TIRED ROLLERS

• Rubber tired (pneumatic) rollers exert a compactive effort

equal to the air pressure in their tires (35 to 100 psi).
• They are generally employed on sandy soils and asphalt
pavement.
LANDFILL COMPACTORS

• A range of specialized landfill compactors have appeared on the

market over the past 40 years, by most of the major manufacturers.
• These employ various types of wedges and cruciform shapes designed to
disaggregate solid waste and integrate it with soil fill.
• These are not intended for use on engineered fill.

HYBRID COMPACTORS

CAT 621B Scrapper converted to a padfoot roller compactor for highways

work, where the distances are considerable.

Converted CAT 631 scrapper dual-

drive pad compactors built by Peterson

Caterpillar in San Leandro, California for

Guy F. Atkinson Company, and used on the
Briones and Oroville Dams in the 1960s.
LARGE SPECIAL DUTY COMPACTORS

Specially-built 56- ton heavy duty sheepsfoot rollers built for earth
dam construction
by Guy F. Atkinson in the 1960s.

50 ton multiple box pneumatic-tire compaction roller being used on the

damaged runway at Oakland International Airport in 1989. Note boxsegments,
which are semi-articulated.

COMMON PAD ROLLERS

• Self-propelled tamping or pad rollers are not sheepsfoot rollers.

• They are only capable of delivering 5 to 75 psi contact pressures.
• They are well suited to most soil mixtures and may employ
vibration (2500 to 4500 Hz) for compacting cohesionless (sandy or
gravelly) materials.
• They have a high center-of-gravity, which makes them more prone to
overturning near slopes
MOTOR GRADERS

• Motor graders are heavy equipment used for fine grading and for moving small
amounts of dirt.
• They have a long blade that can be adjusted to meet certain angles to create a
flat surface.
• They can also be fitted with a second blade in front of the front axle and in some
instances can be used for underground mining.
• Motor graders are typically used to fine-grade dirt or gravel roads or to prepare
the road base course before placing asphalt.
• Graders can also be used to create sloped surfaces or drainage ditches with
shallow V-shaped cross-sections.
 Concrete Equipments
The importance of having the proper equipment to do the job correctly and efficiently can not be
overstated, especially for construction of concrete pavements.
CONCRETE PLANTS

Captive plants, sometimes known as portable plants, are usually

temporary and are used primarily to produce concrete for a specific
INDOT contract.

When the contract is completed, the plant is disassembled and moved.

Commercial plants are permanent installations and may serve many
customers.

Concrete plants are inspected and certified by the District Testing.

Commercial plants are inspected once a year. Captive plants are
inspected at the beginning of each construction season and whenever
they are moved to a new location.

A concrete plant is made up of several components. These include bins

for the cement (and fly ash, if used), weighing hoppers, scales for the
fine and coarse aggregates, admixture dispensers, and material
conveyors.
CENTRAL MIX PLANT

• Central mix plants are normally mobile units that are located at large quantity
work sites; however, more and more of these types of plants are being placed
at permanent locations.

• Mixing is required to be no less than 60 seconds for each batch

• The freshly mixed concrete is deposited into trucks for delivery

• The delivery truck from a central mix plant does not need to provide any further
mixing of the concrete, unless a transit mixer is used.
READY-MIX PLANT
Ready mix concrete plants are the types of plants used most
commonly on INDOT contracts and are referred to as "commercial
plants".

Ready-mix plants batch the ingredients into a truck-mixer and the

revolving drum on the truck mixes the ingredients.
CONCRETE BUCKET

Concrete bucket is a type of pale used with mixer and it is

attached through structural tower.

Concrete bucket is used to send the concrete materials to the top of the
building where it pours all the mixture automatically where needed.

Concrete buckets also play remarkable roles for cutting labor costs and
time.
CONCRETE CONVEYOR
Concrete conveyors are common conveyor system usually mobilized
to use at construction site.

They are based on one conveyor belt by which transfers the gravels,
cement and other solid materials direct to the mixers and they are
also used for filtration of concrete materials from unnecessary
impurities.
CONCRETE CRUSHER

Concrete crushers have two types:

one is mobile concrete crusher
similar like a bulldozer but has an attachment with its boom arm
use to crush the big rock pieces into small gravels but
Second type mostly can be seen in the industries used for crushing
medium sized rocks into powder or gravel form.
These concrete crushers are considered as best source for saving
labor cost and time.
DELIVERY EQUIPMENT
Concrete is typically delivered to the job-site in transit
mixer trucks, agitator trucks, or non-agitator trucks.

Transit mixer trucks are designed for mixing concrete at or

on the way to the job site. For this reason, transit mixer
trucks always have a water tank on board and a
measuring device that is capable of controlling the amount
of water that is added to the mix.
When transit mixer trucks are used, the following items are
required to be checked:

1) Manufacturer's rating plates are in place and legible

2) Revolution counters are operating properly

3) Mixing speed is as shown on plate and number of revolutions are in compliance with the specifications.
(The number of revolutions of the drum at mixing speed is required to be between 70 and 100)

4) Trucks are operated at or below their rated capacity

5) Old concrete has been removed from the drum

6) Wash water has been properly drained from the drum

7) Discharge of the concrete is completed within 90 minutes of mixing water, cement, and aggregates
CONCRETE GRINDER
Concrete grinders are also mobile abrasive equipment used for
grinding the floorings to keep their smoothness and safety.

As a household construction equipment, it usually used for

polishing the marble and concrete tiles after they get installed.

Concrete grinders consume electricity to perform their tasks that

can’t be ever accomplished manually!
CONCRETE MIXER
Concrete mixer is best source for the constructors that want to
save their precious raw material from wastage that can’t be
tolerated.

Concrete mixers used to mix all the elements like cement, gravel
and water for better mixing and it also saves the time because of its
high efficiency while working.
CONCRETE PAVER
Concrete pavers have advanced the construction technology by securing the concrete
from unexpected wastage. Concrete paver is
a kind of moveable construction machine that consists of a paving area used to store the
material while working on busy roads, highways and other public places where traffic or
pedestrians can cause the deficiencies while working!
CONCRETE PUMP

Concrete pumps are one of the fastest construction machines that get fame in
construction market because of their reliability and cost-effectiveness. Concrete
pumps save labor costs, time and materials with high power electric suction machine
used for pumping the concrete from mixer and send it direct to construction site.
CONCRETE TANK

Concrete tanks are used to save both labor and machine costs because they need to be built
on construction site and installed on peak-positions. Concrete tanks are usually made of
concrete, have pipes at bottom as exit of material to the site and basically tank is used to make
concrete material by pouring water, cement and gravels in it
CONCRETE VIBRATOR

Concrete vibrator is one of the best concrete equipment that are used to save labor costs and time by
placing the concrete materials at the right place.

Concrete vibrating machine is consisted of a motor and pipe that are used to make vibration on
concrete to make it spread on metal structure.

China is biggest manufacturer for concrete equipment with thousands of suppliers exporting their
products across the globe.

These concrete machines play vital role to repute the constructor good among his competitors but he
just need to choose the right machine for the right construction process
HOISTING EQUIPMENT
Hoisting is the lifting a weight from one location and moving it to another
location which is at a reasonable distance.

Big projects such as, construction of dams, industrial buildings etc. require
hoisting equipment.

Hoisting equipment includes jacks, winches, chain hoists and cranes.

Crane is the only single machine which, as a single piece, is capable of

providing three dimensional movement of a weight.

CRANE
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope,
wire ropes or chains,and sheaves

It can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them
horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting
them to other places.

It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical advantage

and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human.
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION CRANES

1) Mobile cranes
2) Fixed cranes
A fixed crane is the type of crane which lift the loads
without any appreciable movement.

A mobile crane is the type of crane which moves

from one place to another as well as movement of
the crane basic tools.
TYPES OF MOBILE CRANES
1) Truck mounted crane
2) Lattice-Boom truck –mounted
Cranes
3) Rough terrain cranes
4) All terrain cranes
5) Crawler crane
6)Railroad crane
7) Floating crane
TOWER CRANES
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane
that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the
ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes
attached to
the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the
best combination of height and lifting capacity and
are
used in the construction of tall buildings.
Fixed to the ground.
Horizontal boom is balanced asymmetrically.
Short arm carries a counterweight of concrete blocks.
Long arm carries the lifting gear.
SHORING

The temporary support of damaged, collapsed, or partially

collapsed structure that is unstable, required for
conducting search and rescue operations at reduced risk to
the victims and the rescue team.
Types of Shoring DETERMINING FACTOR

A variety of factors will determine what method of shoring is

• Vertical Shoring required in a particular situation.
• Window/Door Shoring
• Weight of construction materials
Other Types of Shoring
• T-Spot Shoring
• Weight of the structural elements to be supported
• Raker Shoring
• Laced Post Shoring
• The normal load capacity of the existing undamaged structure
• Horizontal Shoring
• Improvised Bamboo shoring
• Condition of the structure to be supported
Steps of vertical shore

1-Determine where to erect the vertical shore.

2-Measure and cut sole plate and header.
3-Measure and cut the posts to the proper height.
4-Attach cleats or gusset plates to the header and posts, on opposite ends and
opposing sides.
5-Install the posts and the header on top of the sole
plate to support the damaged structural element
6-Install a set of wedges under the bottom of each
post
7-Attach cleats or gusset plates on opposite ends and
opposing sides of the sole plate and posts and nail
in place
8-Attach the diagonal braces to each side of the
vertical shore
Steps for window and door Shore

1-Determine where to erect the window/Door shore.

2-Measure and cut the sole plate

3-Measure and cut the header

4-Measure and cut the posts to the proper height

5-Install the sole plate with a set of wedges

6-Install the header with a set of wedges

7-Install the posts and wedges

8-Attach the cleats and/or gusset plate

9-Confine the wedges

10-Install diagonal braces(when applicable)

Raker Shore Bamboo Shore Air Shore
Thank you