Multi-Vendor 3G RAN Optimization

Topics Day1
 RRM overview
 Describe the purpose of RRM
 List the RRM functional entities
 Describe the purpose of each of the RRM functional entities
 Parameter configuration
 Recall the Huawei RNC parameter database structure
 Name and describe the different Managed Object types
 Explain the usage of parameter templates
 Explain how parameters are updated and maintained in Huawei RAN
 Common channels and power control
 Channel mapping
 WRFD-010202 UE State in Connected Mode (CELL-DCH, CELL-PCH, URA-PCH, CELL-FACH)
 Describe the DL common channels power settings
 Different power control loops
 WRFD-020501 Open Loop Power Control
 WRFD-020502 Downlink Power Balance
 WRFD-020138 HSUPA Coverage Enhancement at UE Power Limitation
 WRFD-160202 Flexible Power Control for Uplink Low Data Rate Transmission
 WRFD-020116 Dynamic Power Sharing in Multi-Carriers
Topics Day2

 Load Control Functions

 Radio Interface Load
 Power based Radio Resource Management
 Throughput based Radio Resource Management
 WRFD-010506 RAB Quality of Service Renegotiation over Iu Interface
 WRFD-020102 Load Measurement
 WRFD-020106 Load Reshuffling
 WRFD-020107 Overload Control
 WRFD-020108 Code Resource Management
 Call Admission Control Functional Overview
 WRFD-020101 Admission Control
 NRT bearer admission decision
 UL admission control
 Power allocation in UL
 DL admission control
 Power allocation in DL

 Iub, NodeB and code resource reservation

Topics Day3

 Handover Control
 WRFD-020201 Intra NodeB Softer Handover
 WRFD-021200 HCS (Hierarchical Cell Structure)
 WRFD-02030801 NACC (Network Assisted Cell Change)
 WRFD-02030802 PS Handover Between UMTS and GPRS
 WRFD-020305 Inter-RAT Handover Based on Service
 WRFD-020306 Inter-RAT Handover Based on Load
 Introduction and HSPA+ RRM parameters
 HSDPA basics and RRM
 HSUPA basics and RRM
 HSPA+ features overview
 WRFD-010617 VoIP over HSPA/HSPA+
 WRFD-01061009 HSDPA H-ARQ & Scheduling (MAX C/I, RR and PF)
 WRFD-010689 HSPA+Downlink 42Mbps per User
 WRFD-010703 HSPA+Downlink 84Mbps per User
 WRFD-010699 DC-HSDPA+MIMO
Topics Day4

 KPI Definition
 Describe the principles of 3G optimization
 Give an overview about the performance measurements and new features offered by
RAN17
 Discuss the purpose of the following most important KPIs and the factors impacting
them
 setup, access,
 drop, mobility and
 throughput performance

 Performance monitoring
 Describe 3G RAN performance monitoring hierarchy
 Describe the mechanisms for call analysis related to:
 Paging, RRC and RAB setup and access failure
 Session setup failure for NRT and HSPA
 SHO, ISHO, relocation and SCC failure
 List possible reasons for failures and improvement activities
Topics Day5

 Air interface optimization

 Describe techniques for slow fading analysis
 Fast L1 Synchronization
 WRFD-010685 Downlink Enhanced L2
 Traffic monitoring
 Monitor and optimize the usage of air interface resources (DL power,
UL interference, code tree)
 Describe in detail, how to monitor and dimension BTS channel card
resources
 Capacity enhancement
 Describe capacity enhancing R99 features
 WRFD-020500 Enhanced Fast Dormancy

 Discuss the impact of R5 and R6 HSPA features on capacity

 Demonstrate the capacity enhancement potentials of HSPA features
introduced with R7 and beyond
Evolution of Telecom Networks
UMTS Evolution / 3GPP Releases

• HSDPA (14 Mbps) • HSUPA (5.76 Mbps)

• IMS Phase 1 • IMS Phase 2
• Bearer independent • W-AMR • WLAN-Interworking
CS CN • enhanced • MBMS
matured GSM/GPRS CN • MSS/MGW Location Services • Push-services
+ UTRAN • UTRA FDD repeater • 1800/1900 MHz
+ WCDMA Air Interface • low chip rate TDD mode Release 6
up to 384 kbps (2 Mbps) Release 5 Release 5
Release 4 Release 4 Release 4
Release 99 Release 99 Release 99 Release 99

1999 2001 2002/03 2005 Year

HSPA+ Evolution / 3GPP Releases

HSPA+:
• MC-HSDPA
(126/168 Mbps)
HSPA+:
LTE-Advanced:
HSPA+: • DL 64QAM & MIMO HSPA+: • DL (1Gbps)
• DL 64QAM (21 Mbps) (42 Mbps) • DL 64QAM, MIMO & • UL (500 Mbps)
• UL 16QAM (11.5 Mbps) • DC-HSDPA (42 Mbps) DC-HSDPA (84 Mbps)
• 2x2 MIMO: (28 Mbps) LTE: • DC-HSUPA (23 Mbps)
• Direct tunneling • UL (86.4 Mbps) LTE-Advanced:
• CPC • DL (326 Mbps) • Initial description
• Voice over HSPA
• Enhanced RLC
EPC: Evolved Packet Core Release 10
Release 9 Release 9
Release 8 Release 8 Release 8
Release 7 Release 7 Release 7 Release 7
Release 6 Release 6 Release 6 Release 6

Release 5 Release 5 Release 5 Release 5

Release 4 Release 4 Release 4 Release 4

Release 99 Release 99 Release 99 Release 99

2007 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 Year

HSPA+ Evolution / 3GPP Releases
HSPA+: HSPA+:
• MC-HSDPA (336 Mbps) • MC-HSDPA (672 Mbps)
• MC-HSUPA (69 Mbps) • MC-HSUPA (69 Mbps)
• DL Multi-Flow • MIMO 4x4 for DL with up
transmission to
• MIMO 4x4 for DL with up 8-carrier HSDPA
to LTE-Advanced:
4-carrier HSDPA • Coverage & Capacity
• MIMO 2x2 for UL Optimization
LTE-Advanced:
• Coverage & Capacity
Optimization Release 12
Release 11
Release 11
Release 10 Release 10
Release 9 Release 9
Release 8 Release 8
Release 7 Release 7
Release 6 Release 6
Release 5 Release 5

Release 4 Release 4
Release 99 Release 99

2012 expected 2014 Year

UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution
• Release 99
• I 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 –2170 MHz UMTS only in Europe, Japan, …
• II 1850 –1910 MHz 1930 –1990 MHz US PCS, GSM1900
• New in Release 5
• III 1710-1785 MHz 1805-1880 MHz GSM1800
• New in Release 6
• IV 1710-1755 MHz 2110-2155 MHz US 2.1 GHz band
• V 824-849MHz 869-894MHz US cellular, GSM850
• VI 830-840 MHz 875-885 MHz Japan
• New in Release 7
• VII 2500-2570 MHz 2620-2690 MHz
• VIII 880-915 MHz 925-960 MHz GSM900
• IX 1749.9-1784.9 MHz 1844.9-1879.9 MHz Japan
• New in Release 8
• X 1710-1770 MHz 2110-2170 MHz
• XI 1427.9 - 1452.9 MHz 1475.9 - 1500.9 MHz Japan
• XII 698 – 716 MHz 728 – 746 MHz US 700 MHz band
• XIII 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz
• XIV 788 – 798 MHz 758 – 768 MHz
• New in Release 9
• XV – XVIII reserved
• XIX 830 – 845MHz 875 – 890 MHz Japan
• XX 832 - 862 MHz 791 – 821 MHz
• XXI 1447.9 – 1462.9 MHz 1495.9 – 1510.9 MHz
UMTS – FDD Frequency band evolution
– Release 10
• XXII 3410 – 3490 MHz 3510 – 3590 MHz
• XXV 1850 –1915 MHz 1930 –1995 MHz

– Release 11
• XXVI 814 –849 MHz 859 –894 MHz
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

 Standardization & frequency bands

 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 UMTS Air interface technologies
 WCDMA – FDD
 WCDMA vs. GSM
 CDMA principle
 Processing gain
 WCDMA codes and bit rates
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
UMTS Air Interface technologies
 UMTS Air interface is built based on two technological solutions
– WCDMA – FDD
– WCDMA – TDD
 WCDMA – FDD is the more widely used solution
– FDD: Separate UL and DL frequency bands
 WCDMA – TDD technology is currently used in limited number of networks
– TDD: UL and DL separated by time, utilizing same frequency

 Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands

 This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA – FDD solution, basic planning
principles apply to both technologies
WCDMA – FDD technology
 Multiple access technology is wideband CDMA (WCDMA)
– Adjacent cells can be at same carrier frequency
– Spreading codes are used to separate cells and users
– Signal bandwidth 3.84 MHz (without guard bands)

 Multiple carriers can be used to increase capacity

– Inter-Frequency functionality to support mobility between frequencies

 Compatibility with GSM and LTE technologies

– Inter-System functionality to support mobility between GSM, LTE and UMTS
WCDMA Technology

WCDMA Users share same time and frequency

Frequency
Carrier
3.84 MHz

5 MHz
Time
5+5 MHz in FDD mode Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA
5 MHz in TDD mode

WCDMA TDMA (GSM)

5 MHz, 1 carrier 5 MHz, 25 carriers
UMTS & GSM Network Planning

GSM900/1800: 3G (WCDMA):
Differences between WCDMA & GSM

High bit
rates
WCDMA GSM
Carrier spacing 5 MHz 200 kHz
Frequency reuse factor 1 1–18
Power control 1500 Hz 2 Hz or lower
frequency
Quality control Radio resource Network planning
management algorithms (frequency planning)
Frequency diversity 5 MHz bandwidth gives Frequency hopping
multipath diversity with
Rake and FDE receivers
Services
Packet data Load-based packet Timeslot based
with scheduling scheduling with GPRS
Different
quality Downlink transmit Supported for Not supported by the
diversity improving downlink standard, but can be
requirements capacity applied

Efficient
packet data
Multiple WCDMA carriers – Layered network

1 10 km

F3
Micro Cell /
Hotspot:
F2 F1
F2
F3
200 - 500 m
50 - 100 m
Micro BTS Macro BTS
HCS- Pico Cell / Macro Cell /
Indoor:
Concept Large Area Coverage
F3 (Urban/Suburban/Rura
l):
F1
 CDMA principle - Chips & Bits & Symbols
Bits (In this drawing, 1 bit = 8 Chips  SF=8)

+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip Chip
+1
Spreading Code
-1
+1
Spread Signal
-1

Air Interface
+1

-1
+1
Data
SF = Rchip/Rdata -1
Energy Box
Energy per bit = Eb = const
Originating Bit Received Bit

Duration
(t = 1/Rb)

 Higher spreading factor  Wider frequency band  Lower power spectral density
 BUT
 Same Energy per Bit
Spreading & Processing Gain

User bit
rate
R
Power density (Watts/Hz)

Unspread narrowband signal Spread wideband signal

Frequency
Bandwidth W (3.84 Mchip/sec)

W  const  3.84 Mchip

sec

G p dB 
W
Processing
gain: R
Processing Gain Examples

Voice user (R = 12,2 kbit/s)

R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=25.4 dB

• Spreading sequences
have a different length
Frequency (Hz)
• Processing gain depends
Packet data user (R = 384 kbit/s) on the user data rate
R
Power density (W/Hz)

Gp=W/R=10 dB

Frequency (Hz)
Transmission Power

Power density
High bit rate user
Frequency

5MHz

Low bit rate user

Time
Correlation between: Capacity, Interference, Load & Power
WCDMA Codes
 In WCDMA 2 separate codes are used in the spreading operation
– Channelization code
– Scrambling code

 Channelization Code (CC)

– DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines physical channel
bit rate
– UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
 Scrambling Code (SC)
– DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency
– UL: separates users

512 DL Primary Scrambling Codes

16.7 million UL Scrambling Codes
DL Spreading & Multiplexing in WCDMA

Radio frame = 15 time slots

CHANNELIZATION codes:
CODE 1 Pilot

BCCH
P-CPICH
Pilot X User 1
CODE 2 User 2

P-CCPCH User 3
BCCH X
SUM
CODE 3

DPCH1 Time
User 1 X
CODE 4
+
3.84 MHz
DPCH2 SCRAMBLING RF carrier
User 2 X CODE
CODE 5

X RF
DPCH3
User 3 X

3.84 MHz bandwidth

Channelization Code Tree

SF= SF= SF= SF= SF= ... SF= SF= 512

1 2 4 8 16 256 (Not
C (0)=[............]
C3(0)=[11111111] 4
supported
C4(1)=[............]
C2(0)=[1111]
by Huawei)
C4(2)=[............]
C3(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1] Channelization
C1(0)=[11] C4(3)=[............]
Codes:
C4(4)=[............]
C3(2)=[11-1-111-1-1] Walsh-Hadamard
C4(5)=[............]
C2(1)=[11-1-1] codes
C4(6)=[............]
C3(3)=[11-1-1-1-111] (OVSF codes)
C4(7)=[............]
C0(0)=[1] • SF for the DL
C4(8)=[............]
C83(4)=[1-11-11-11-1] transmission*:
C2(2)=[1-11-1]
C4(9)=[............]
4, 8, 16, 32,
C3(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C4(10)=[.........] 64, 128, 256,
C1(1)=[1-1] C4(11)=[.........] 512
C4(12)=[..........] • SF for the UL
C3(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C4(13=[...........] transmission*:
C2(3)=[1-1-11]
C4(14)=[.........] 4, 8, 16, 32,
C3(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C4(15)=[.........] 64, 128, 256
* FDD only
OVSF: Orthogonal variable spreading factor
Physical Layer Bit Rates (DL)

Spreading Channel Channel DPDCH Maximum user

factor symbol bit rate channel bit data rate with
rate (kbps) rate range ½-rate coding
(ksps) (kbps) (approx.)
512 7.5 15 3–6 1–3 kbps
256 15 30 12–24 6–12 kbps Half rate speech
128 30 60 42–51 20–24 kbps Full rate speech
64 60 120 90 45 kbps
32 120 240 210 105 kbps
16 240 480 432 215 kbps 128 kbps
8 480 960 912 456 kbps 384 kbps
4 960 1920 1872 936 kbps

W
RSymbol  Rb _ phy  2  RSymbol
SF
(QPSK modulation)
Scrambling Codes & Multipath Propagation

Scrambling
code C1

C1+2
Scrambling
code C2

UE has simultaneous
connection to two cells
(soft(er) handover)
RAKE Receiver
– Combination or multipath components and in DL also signals from different cells

Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Output
Cell-1
Rx Finger
Cell-2
Rx Finger
t
Code used Prerequisite for
Delay 1

Delay 2

Delay 3
for the  SHO
connection
Channelization and Scrambling Codes
Channelization code
Usage Uplink: Separation of physical data
(DPDCH) and control channels
(DPCCH) from same terminal
Downlink: Separation of downlink
connections to different users within one
cell
Length 4–256 chips (1.0–66.7 s)
Downlink also 512 chips (Not supported
by NSN)
Different bit rates by changing the length
of the code
Number of codes Number of codes under one scrambling
code = spreading factor
Code family Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
Spreading Yes, increases transmission bandwidth
Scrambling code
Uplink: Separation of mobile
Downlink: Separation of sectors (cells)
Uplink: (1) 10 ms = 38400 chips or (2)
66.7 s = 256 chips
Option (2) can be used with advanced
base station receivers
Downlink: 10 ms = 38400 chips
Uplink: 16.8 million
Downlink: 512
Long 10 ms code: Gold code
Short code: Extended S(2) code family
No, does not affect transmission
bandwidth
Downlink CCH Monitoring
 downlink channel mapping Physical
Logical Transport Channels
Channels Channels
P-CPICH

BCC BCH P-CCPCH

H
PCC PCH S-CCPCH
H PICH
AICH
CCCH P/S-SCH
FACH
E-HICH
CTCH
HS- HS-
DCCH DSCH PDSCH*
HS-SCCH
DPDCH
DTCH DCH
DPCCH
Uplink CCH Monitoring
 A single RACH transport channel is used
Logical Transport Physical
for both, control plane signaling and user Channels Channels Channel
s
plane data.

CCCH RACH PRACH

 RACH is mapped to PRACH onto PRACH
physical channel which makes use of
contention based access procedure i.e.
there is probability that collisions occur DCCH
E-DPDCH
when multiple UE attempt to make use of E-DPCCH
the PRACH.
HS-DPCCH
EDCH
 PRACH is separated in the preamble part
DPDCH
and a message part. Preambles are used DTCH DCH DPCCH
to gain access to PRACH message time
slot and to ensure that the message is
transmitted with sufficient uplink power.
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

 Standardization & frequency bands

 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSDPA Principles
 HSDPA Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
HSDPA Principles

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) based

on:
• Node B decisions
• Multi-code operation
3GPP Rel. 5; TS
• Fast Link Adaptation
• Adaptive Modulation & Coding AMC
25.308:
• Fast Packet Scheduling “HSDPA Overall
• Fast H-ARQ Description”
• Fast  TTI = 2 ms*
• Downwards Compatibility with R99
• (shared or dedicated carrier)
Motivation:
- enhanced spectrum efficiency
- higher peak rates >> 2 Mbps
- higher cell throughput
- reduced delay for ACK transmission
- the main workhorse of 3G networks

* TTI = 1 Subframe = 3 Slots = 2 ms

H-ARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
Adaptive Modulation & Coding (1/2)
HSDPA uses
• QPSK
• 16QAM
16QAM
• 64QAM
dynamically based 4-Bit Keying
QPSK on quality of the
2-Bit Keying radio link Q
0100 1100 1000 0000

Q
0101 1101 1001 0001
(0,1) (1,1)

I I

(0,0) (1,0) 0111 1111 1011 0011

0110 1110 1010 0010

Adaptive Modulation & Coding (2/2)

Turbo Coding
1/3
HSDPA Adaptive Coding
• based on the R’99 1/3 Turbo
Coding
• Rate Matching: Puncturing or
Rate Repetition
Matching  code rate: 1/6 – 4/4
Puncturing / • dynamically based on
Repetition quality of the radio link

Effective
Code Rate:
1/4 - 3/4
Multi Code Operation (1/4)

SF = 2 4 8 SF = ... 256 512

1 (Not
C3(0)=[11111111]
16 C4(0)=[............]
supported by
C4(1)=[............] Huawei)
C2(0)=[1111]
C4(2)=[............]
C3(1)=[1111-1-1-1-1]
C1(0)=[11] C4(3)=[............]

C3(2)=[11-1-111-1-1]
C4(4)=[............] SF = 16 
C4(5)=[............]
C2(1)=[11-1-1] 240 ksymb/s
C4(6)=[............]
C3(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1]
C4(7)=[............] Multi-Code operation:
C3(4)=[1-11-11-11-1]
C4(8)=[............]
1..15 codes 
C4(9)=[............]
C2(2)=[1-11-1] 0.24 .. 3.6 Msymb/s
C4(10)=[.........]
C3(5)=[1-11-1-11-11]
C1(1)=[1-1] C4(11)=[.........]

C4(12)=[..........]
C3(6)=[1-1-111-1-11]
C4(13=[...........]
C2(3)=[1-1-11]
C4(14)=[.........]
C3(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
C4(15)=[.........]
Multi Code Operation (2/4)

Modulation Coding rate 5 codes 10 codes 15 codes

1/4 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps

QPSK 2/4 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps

3/4 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps

2/4 2.4 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps

16QAM 3/4 3.6 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.8 Mbps

4/4 4.8 Mbps 9.6 Mbps 14.4 Mbps

3/4 5.4 Mbps 10.8 Mbps 16.2 Mbps

max. 15 Codes, 64QAM
10 Mbps/user 64QAM 5/6 6.0 Mbps 12.0 Mbps 18.0 Mbps 6 bits/symbol
max. 14.4 Mbps/user
4/4 7.2 Mbps 14.4 Mbps 21.6 Mbps
(16QAM)
64QAM (3GPP Rel. 7
feature) is included
Multi Code Operation (3/4): HSDPA UE capability classes
max. No. of min. * Dual-Stream
HS- DSCH Peak
HS-DSCH Inter-TTI Modulation MIMO
category Rate
Codes interval supported
1 5 3 (6 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps
2 5 3 QPSK/16QAM No 1.2 Mbps
3 5 2 (4 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 1.8 Mbps
4 5 2 QPSK/16QAM No 1.8 Mbps
5 5 1 (2 ms) QPSK/16QAM No 3.6 Mbps
3GPP Rel. 8 feature: 6 5 1 QPSK/16QAM No 3.6 Mbps

• DL 64QAM & 7 10 1 QPSK/16QAM No 7 Mbps

MIMO 8 10 1 QPSK/16QAM No 7 Mbps

9 15 1 QPSK/16QAM No 10 Mbps
10 15 1 QPSK/16QAM No 14 Mbps
3GPP Rel. 9 feature:
• DL 64QAM, MIMO 11 5 2 QPSK only No 1 Mbps
12 5 1 QPSK only No 1.8 Mbps
& Dual-Cell HSDPA
13 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 17.4 Mbps
(DC-HSDPA)
14 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM No 21.1 Mbps
15 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps
16 15 1 QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps
17 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4
Details  HSPA+ Mbps
18 15 1 QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28
* TTI: Transmission Mbps
Time Interval
19 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps
20 15 1 QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps
Multi Code Operation (4/4): HSDPA UE capability classes
max. No. min. Total Number of Total Number of Supported modulations
HS- Supported modulations
serving/ serving/ secondary without MIMO
of Inter- with MIMO operation Peak
DSCH secondary serving HS-DSCH operation with
and aggregated cell
HS-DSCH TTI serving HS-DSCH cells in which MIMO aggregated cell Rate
cat. operation
Codes interval cells can be configured operation
21 15 1 2 0 QPSK/16QAM - 23.4 Mbps
22 15 1 2 0 QPSK/16QAM - 28 Mbps
23 15 1 2 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 35.3 Mbps
24 15 1 2 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 42.2 Mbps
25 15 1 2 2 - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps
26 15 1 2 2 - QPSK/16QAM 55.9 Mbps
27 15 1 2 2 - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 70.6 Mbps
28 15 1 2 2 - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 84.4 Mbps
29 15 1 3 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 63.3 Mbps
30 15 1 3 3 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 126.6 Mbps
31 15 1 4 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 84.4 Mbps
32 15 1 4 4 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 168.8 Mbps
33 15 1 6 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 126.6 Mbps
34 15 1 6 6 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 253.2 Mbps
35 15 1 8 0 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM - 168.8 Mbps
36 15 1 8 8 QPSK/16QAM/64QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 337.5 Mbps

– Terminal categories 21-24 require the RAN1906 DC-HSDPA 42M bps to obtain peak rates
– Terminal categories 25-28 require the RAN1907 DC-HSDPA with MIMO 84Mbps to obtain peak rates
– Terminal categories 29-36 require future releases features to obtain peak rates
Network Modifications for HSDPA
• new Node B / MAC-hs
functionalities:
• UTRAN & UE: • Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged
• modified PHY layer transmission):
• modified MAC: MAC-  faster retransmission / reduced delays !
(e)hs  less Iub retransmission traffic !
 higher spectrum efficiency !
• Fast Packet Scheduling
 fast & efficient resource allocation !
• Fast Link Adaptation
 Adaptive Modulation & Coding !
•  compensation of fast fading (without fast
PC)
 higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !

Uu
• modified transport
and physical
Iub channels
• modified coding
• modified modulation
UE
retransmission

RNC: Node B
Reduced

new UEs
functionalities  HSDPA Capability
shifted to „more intelligence“
Classes
Node B new functionalities
Fast Link Adaptation in HSDPA
1 TTI = 2 ms

16 C/I received by C/I varies with

Instantaneous EsNo [dB]

UE fading
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time [number of TTIs]
16QAM3/4
Link adaptation BTS adjusts link adaptation mode
mode
16QAM2/4 with a few ms delay based on
channel quality reports from the UE
QPSK3/4
QPSK2/4
QPSK1/4
Fast H-ARQ

H-ARQ:
Server RNC Node-B MAC-hs Layer-1
retransmissions

Round-Trip Time:
 16 ms

UE
TCP retransmissions
RLC retransmissions
H-ARQ:
• Incremental Redundancy IR
• Chase Combining CC
Fast Packet Scheduling (1/2)

Fast Packet Scheduling:

• Node B decides allocation of HSDPA resources to UE every TTI = 2 ms
• supported Packet Scheduler algorithms*:
• Round Robin RR
• Proportional Fair PF (requires individual license)
Round Robin RR
• assigns sub-frames in rotation
 • User at cell edge served as frequently as
user at cell centre
• does not account for UE’s channel
 conditions
• Low total throughput in cell
• if no data have to be transferred to
certain UE then sub-frame assigned to
next UE

* Type of scheduler set by HSDPA.BB.Resource.Allocation commissioning parameter

Fast Packet Scheduling (2/2)
 Proportional Fair PF
 Takes into account multipath fading conditions experienced by the UE
– Improved total throughput in cell compared to RR

 Sub-frames assigned according scheduling metric
–
–

Ratio instantaneous data rate / average data rate experienced in the past
User at cell edge served less frequently as user at cell centre

TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI 4

Scheduled user

USER 2 Es/N0 USER 1 Es/N0

WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

 Standardization & frequency bands

 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSDPA Principles
 HSDPA Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
Physical Channel Overview

HS-PDSCH
High-Speed Physical DL Shared Channels

HS-SCCH
High Speed Shared Control Channels

HS-DPCCH
High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPCCH/DPDCH
Node B Dedicated Channels (up to Rel. 5 99)
MAC-hs

F-DPCH
Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel (from Rel. 6)
HS-PDSCH
 HS-PDSCH: High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel
– Transfer of actual HSDPA user data
– 5 - 15 code channels
– QPSK, 16QAM
or 64QAM modulation
– 2 ms TTIs
– Fixed SF16

SF= 1

SF= 2

SF= 4
SF= 8

SF=16

allocated for other channels

Example: Allocated for HS-DSCH
HS-SCCH
– HS-SCCH: High-Speed Shared Control Channel
• L1 Control Data for UE; informs the UE how to decode the next HS-PDSCH frame
e.g. UE Identity, Channelization Code Set, Modulation Scheme, TBS, H-ARQ process information

• Fixed SF128
• transmitted 2 slots in advance to HS-PDSCHs
• Huawei implementation with slow power control: shares DL power with the HS-PDSCH
• more than 1 HS-SCCH required when Code Multiplexing is used Field Number of
uncoded bits
• up to 4 HS-SCCHs Codes
Channelization Code set 7 bits*
SF16 CCS
HS-PDSCH User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4
Modulation scheme 1 bit*
information
15
Subframe
2 ms Transport block size 6 bits
H-ARQ process 3 bits
information
10
Redundancy & 3 bits
constellation version
New data indicator 1 bit
5
UE Identity 16 bits

* Rel. 7: 7th bit of CCS set is used to

Time indicate whether 64QAM is used. Usage of
TBS: Transport Block Size new HS-SCCH format indicated by higher
layer
HS-DPCCH
 UL HS-DPCCH: High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
– MAC-hs Ack/Nack information (send when data received)
– Channel Quality Information (CQI reports send every 4ms, hardcoded period)
– Fixed SF 256

1 Slot = 2560 chips 2 Slots = 5120 chips

HARQ-ACK CQI (20 bit)

(10 bit) Channel Quality Indication

1 HS-DPCCH Subframe = 2ms

Subframe # 0 Subframe # i Subframe # N

TS 25.212: CQI values = 0 (N/A), 1 .. 30; steps: 1;

1 indicating lowest, 30 highest air interface quality
 HS-DPCCH & CQI
CQI TB Size # codes Modulation 
P-CPICH 1 137 1 QPSK 0

2 173 1 QPSK 0
UE observes 3 233 1 QPSK 0
P-CPICH (Ec/Io) 4 317 1 QPSK 0
 CQI* 5 377 1 QPSK 0

6 461 1 QPSK 0

7 650 2 QPSK 0

8 792 2 QPSK 0

9 931 2 QPSK 0

10 1262 3 QPSK 0

11 1483 3 QPSK 0

12 1742 3 QPSK 0

13 2279 4 QPSK 0

14 2583 4 QPSK 0

CQI used for: 15 3319 5 QPSK 0

16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
• Link Adaptation decision 17 4189 5 16-QAM 0
• Packet Scheduling decision 18 4664 5 16-QAM 0

19 5287 5 16-QAM 0
ACK/NACK used for: 20 5887 5 16-QAM 0
• H-ARQ process 21 6554 5 16-QAM 0

• Link Adaptation decision 22 7168 5 16-QAM 0

• HS-SCCH power adaptation 23 9719 7 16-QAM 0

CQI Table (Example) 24 11418 8 16-QAM 0
TS 25.214: Annex Table 7b 25 14411 10 16-QAM 0

* UE internal (proprietary) process

Cat 8 UE 26 14411 10 16-QAM -1

27 14411 10 16-QAM -2
TB Size [bit]
CQI value 0: N/A (Out of range) 28 14411 10 16-QAM -3

 = Reference Power Adjustment (Power Offset) [dB] 29 14411 10 16-QAM -4

30 14411 10 16-QAM -5
Associated DCH (DL & UL, up to Rel.5)
 DL DPCH: Associated Dedicated Physical Channel
– Transfer of L3 signaling messages
– Speech - AMR
– Power control commands for associated UL DPCH

 UL DPCH: (DPDCH & DPCCH)

– Transfer of L3 signaling messages
– Transfer of UL data 16 / 64 / 128 / 384 kbps, e.g. TCP acknowledgements
– Speech - AMR

DPDCH / DPCCH (time

multiplexed)
DPDCH: L3 signalling; AMR
DPCCH: TPC for UL DPCH power control

DPDCH: L3 signaling, AMR; TCP

ACKs;
16 / 64 / 128 / 348 kbps

DPCCH: TPC, Pilot, TFCI

Fractional DPCH: F-DPCH (DL)
 The Fractional DPCH (F-DPCH):
 was introduced in 3GPP Rel. 6 (enhanced in Rel. 7; implementation based on Rel. 7)
 replaces the DL DPCCH when the DL DPDCH is not present, i.e. both application data and
SRB are transferred using HSDPA
 includes Transmit Power Control (TPC) bits but excludes TFCI & Pilot bits
• TFCI bits - no longer required as there is no DPDCH
• Pilot bits - no longer required as TPC bits are used for SIR measurements

 increases efficiency by allowing up to 10 UE to share the same DL SF256 channelization

code
• time multiplexed one after another

1 time slot 2560 chips

256
chips

Tx Off TPC Tx Off

Slot
#i
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

 Standardization & frequency bands

 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles
 HSUPA Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (1/2)

• 3GPP Rel. 6: TS 25.309 HSUPA technical

requirements
• Node B controlled scheduling
• Hybrid ARQ
• Shorter TTI: 2 ms or 10 ms
same as HSDPA
• Downward compatibility to R99, R4 & R5
• HSUPA requires HSDPA
• Minimizes HSUPA (UE and UTRAN) complexity
• Full mobility support and urban, suburban & rural deployments

Uu
Iub UEs
RNC Node B
Comparing HSUPA & HSDPA (2/2)

• HSUPA problems / differences to HSDPA:

Why not • Power Control PC: Fast Power Control
adapting • on DL centralized PC
• on UL individual PC
HSDPA
 pure time multiplexing difficult
solutions on UL fast PC still necessary (same as Rel. 99)
to UL? (UL interference  UL scrambling codes)
• Higher order modulation difficult for UE; coming
with Rel.7
• Soft Handover required due to coverage reasons

• HSUPA (similar to HSDPA) is based on

• Fast H-ARQ terminated at Node B
• Fast UL Packet Scheduling controlled by Node
B
• Fast Link Adaptation:
• - Adaptive coding (1/4 - 4/4 code rate)
• - Adaptive modulation with Rel. 7
E-DCH: Enhanced Dedicated Channel (TS 25.309)
 E-DCH transport channel characteristics
 UL (only) transport channel
 Dedicated to 1 UE
 Subject to Node-B controlled scheduling & HARQ
 Supports 2 ms TTI and 10 ms TTI

Enhanced dedicated channel E-DCH

Dedicated channel DCH

A channel dedicated to 1 UE
used in UL or DL.

RNC Uu UE
Iub
Node B
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
E-DPDCH:
• carries E-DCH transport channel
ced,1 ed,1 iqed,1 • user data only (+ 24 CRC bits/TTI)
• SF = 256 – 2 !
E-DPDCH1 • Multi-Code Operation: there may be 0,
1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on each radio link
.
• up to 2x SF2 + 2x SF4  up to 5.76
.
Mbps (with QPSK modulation scheme)
.
. ced,k ed,k iqed,k E-DPCCH:
E-DPDCHk • transmits HSUPA L1 control information
associated with the E-DCH
• SF = 256 fixed


.
. I+jQ • content: E-TFCI, RSN & Happy Bit
. Rel. 6 UL: DCH & E-DCH
Se-dpch
. ced,K ed,K iqed,K Configurations
Configura- HS- E- E-
DPDCH
E-DPDCHK tion # DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH

1 6 1 - -
cec ec iqec
2 1 1 2 1
E-DPCCH
3 - 1 4 1

E-TFCI: Enhanced Transport Format Combination Indication

RSN: Retransmission Sequence Number
HSUPA UE Capability Classes / Throughput
E- DCH max. min. 2 & 10 ms max. #. of max. # of Modulation Reference
Category E-DCH SF TTI E-DCH E-DCH Bits* / E-DCH Bits* / combination
Codes support 10 ms TTI 2 ms TTI Class

1 1 4 10 ms only 7110 - QPSK 0.73 Mbps

2 2 4 10 & 2 ms 14484 2798 QPSK 1.46 Mbps

HSUPA UE
capability 3 2 4 10 ms only 14484 - QPSK 1.46 Mbps

classes 4 2 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 5772 QPSK 2.92 Mbps

(TS 25.306; 5 2 2 10 ms only 20000 - QPSK 2.0 Mbps
Rel. 9)
6 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 11484 QPSK 5.76 Mbps

7 4 2 10 & 2 ms 20000 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 11.5 Mbps

8 4 2 2 ms only - 11484 QPSK 11.5 Mbps

Rel. 9 9 4 2 2 ms only - 22996 QPSK & 16QAM 23 Mbps
DC-HSUPA

2xSF2 + 2xSF2+2xSF4
Coding rate 1xSF4 2xSF4 2xSF2
HSUPA 2xSF4 & 16QAM
Throughput 1/2 480 kbps 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 5.76 Mbps

3/4 720 kbps 1.46 Mbps 2.88 Mbps 4.32 Mbps 8.62 Mbps

4/4 960 kbps 1.92 Mbps 3.84 Mbps 5.76 Mbps 11.5 Mbps
23 Mbps &
DC-HSUPA

* Maximum No. of bits / E-DCH transport block

Network Modifications

• UTRAN & UE: • new Node B functionalities:

• modified PHY layer • Fast H-ARQ (Acknowledged
• modified MAC: MAC-e & MAC-es transmission):
 faster retransmission / reduced delays !
 less Iub retransmission traffic !
 higher spectrum efficiency !
• Fast Packet Scheduling
 fast & efficient resource allocation !

Uu

• modified transport
Iub and physical
RNC channels
UE
• modified coding
Node B
new UE`s
retransmission

RNC: Node B
Reduced

functionalities more
Intelligence;
new UE functionality:
shifted to
Node B new functionalities • Fast Link Adaptation
 Adaptive Coding (& Modulation; from Rel. 7 on)
 higher peak rates & spectrum efficiency !
HSUPA: Fast Packet Scheduling

HSUPA (Rel. 6) Fast Packet Scheduling:

• Node B controlled
• resources allocated on Scheduling Request
• short TTI = 2 / 10 ms
• Scheduling Decision on basis of actual physical layer load
(available in Node B)
 up-to date / Fast scheduling decision  high UL resource
efficiency
 higher Load Target (closer to Overload Threshold) possible 
high UL resource efficiency
 L1 signaling overhead

Scheduling Request
(buffer occupation,...)
UE
S-RNC Scheduling Grants
(max. amount of
UL resources to be used)
Iub
E-DCH
data transmission
HSUPA: Fast Link Adaptation
MAC-e (UE) decides:
• E-DCH link adaptation (TFC,
effective coding)
Node B • on basis of scheduled power
ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH
• every TTI (2/10 ms)
Scheduling
Request
Scheduling
Grants

UE

Rel. 6 HSUPA:
dynamic Link Adaptation
 effective Coding 1/4 - 4/4
Rel. 99:

Fixed
 higher UL data rates
Turbo Coding 1/3
 higher resource efficiency
HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ

HSUPA: Fast H-ARQ with UL E-DCH

• Node B (MAC-e) controlled
• SAW* H-ARQ protocol  Short delay times
• based on synchronous DL (L1) ACK/NACK (support of QoS services)
• Retransmission strategies:  less Iub/Iur traffic
Incremental Redundancy & Chase Combining
• 1st Retransmission  40 / 16 ms (TTI = 10 / 2
ms)
• limited number of Retransmissions*
• lower probability for RLC Retransmission
• Support of Soft & Softer Handover
Node B
E-DCH Packets
RNC UE
L1 ACK/NACK
correctly received
packets
Retransmission

Iub
MAC-e controls L1 H-ARQ:
• storing & retransmitting
payload
• packet combining (IR & CC)
IR: Incremental Redundancy
CC: Chase Combining
HARQ: Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
SAW: Stop-and-Wait
* HARQ profile - max. number of
transmissions attribute
HSUPA: Soft Handover
SHO Gains:
Soft Handover: full
UE connected to UTRAN Coverage Softer Handover:
via different Node Bs for HSUPA • UE connected to cells of same
Node B (same MAC-e entity)
Node B • combining Node B internal
• no extra Iub capacity needed

UE Sector
Node B Iub
cells

Node B Node B
Iub
R Iub
E-
N DCH
S-RNC:
select E-DCH C AS Iub
data (MAC-es) E-DCH Active
& deliver to CN Iu Set: R E-
• set of cells carrying the N DCH
E-DCH for 1 UE.
C AS
CN • can be identical / a
subset of DCH AS
• is decided by the S-
RNC
HSUPA: Soft Handover
 HSUPA: Support of Soft(er) Handover

– Macro diversity is used in HSUPA, i.e. the UL data packets can be received by more than one cell.
This is important for Radio Network Planning to maximize cell ranges (SHO gains);
TS 25.309: 5: The coverage is an important aspect of the user experience and that it is desirable to
allow an operator to provide for consistency of performance across the whole cell area..
Intra Node B macro-diversity (Softer Handover) and Inter Node B macro-diversity (SHO) should be
supported for the E-DCH with HARQ.

– E-DCH active set: The set of cells which carry the E-DCH for one UE. It can be identical or a subset
of the DCH active set. The E-DCH active set is decided by the S-RNC
HSUPA: Power Control = Fast Power Control (Rel.99 in DL)

TS 25.214;
DPCCH 5.1.2
• Always transmitted
• Inner-Loop Power Control!
• Setting of E-DPCCH & E-
DPDCH power relative to
DPCCH power
• PtxUE < min [Ptx,maxUE; max
Ptx,cell*]
UE
UL DCH max configurations for Rel. 99, HSDPA
& HSUPA
Configuration #i DPDCH HS-DPCCH E-DPDCH E-DPCCH
1 6 1 - -
2 1 1 2 1
3 - 1 on the primary uplink frequency, 4 per uplink 1 per uplink
0 on any secondary uplink frequency frequency frequency
4 1 2 2 1

Taken from5specification TS - 2 on the primary uplink frequency, 4 per uplink 1 per uplink
25.213;4.2.1 0 on any secondary uplink frequency frequency frequency
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals

 Standardization & frequency bands

 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 Overview of Huawei Radio Resource Management (RRM)
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles
 HSUPA Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
Overview
Scheduling Request
Scheduling information (MAC-e on E-DPDCH) or happy bit (E-DPCCH)

E-AGCH
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
E-RNTI & max. power ratio E-DPDCH/DPCCH (Absolute Grant)
Scheduling
Grants E-RGCH
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel
UP / HOLD / DOWN (Relative Grant)

E-DPCCH
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel
L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
UE

E-DPDCH
E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel
User data & CRC
Node B

E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
ACK/NACK

RSN: Re-transmission sequence number

E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
New in Rel. 6 for HSUPA:
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH
ced,1 ed,1 iqed,1

E-DPDCH1 E-DPDCH:
used to carry the E-DCH transport
. channel.
. There may be 0, 1, 2 or 4 E-DPDCH on
.
each radio link.
. ced,k ed,k iqed,k
E-DPCCH:
E-DPDCHk
used to transmit control information
associated with the E-DCH.


.
. I+jQ
.
Se-dpch
. ced,K ed,K iqed,K
Maximum number of simultaneous
E-DPDCHK UL DCHs
Configuration DPDCH HS- E- E-
cec ec iqec # DPCCH DPDCH DPCCH
E-DPCCH 1 6 1 - -
2 1 1 2 1
3 - 1 4 1
4 1 2 2 1
5 - 2 4 1
E-DPDCH : SF-Variation & Multi-Code Operation

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4 SF = 8 SF = 64
CC64,0
CC64,1 NDPDCH E-DPDCHk CCSF,k
CC4,0 = (1,1,1,1)
CC64,2
CC2,0 = (1,1)
CCSF,SF/4 if SF
E-DPDCH1 4
CC1,0 = (1) CC4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) • CC2,1 if SF = 2
••• •
CC4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) •
0
CC4,1 if SF = 4
CC2,1 = (1,-1) E-DPDCH2
CC2,1 if SF = 2
CC64,62
CC4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) CC64,63
E-DPDCH3
CC4,1
E-DPDCH: SF = 256 - 2 E-DPDCH4
SF = 2  1920 kbit/s E-DPDCH1 CCSF,SF/2

Multi-Code operation:
up to 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4 1 CC4,2 if SF = 4
E-DPDCH2
 up to 5.76 Mbps CC2,1 if SF = 2
E-DPDCH
 carries UL packet data
– up to 4 E-DPDCHs for 1 RL
• Max. Configuration 2 * SF2 + 2 * SF4

– SF = 256 – 2 (BPSK-like)
– Pure user data & CRC (1 CRC per TTI, size 24 bit)
– TTI = 2 / 10 ms (at cell edge 10 ms required for sufficient performance)
– UE receives resource allocation via grant channels
– managed by MAC-e/-es
– Error protection based on turbo coding 1/3
– Soft / softer handover support

Slot Format Channel Bit Rate Bits/ Bits/ Bits/Slot

Bits/Symbol M SF
#i (kbps) Frame Subframe Ndata
0 15 1 256 150 30 10
1 30 1 128 300 60 20
2 60 1 64 600 120 40
3 120 1 32 1200 240 80
4 240 1 16 2400 480 160
5 480 1 8 4800 960 320
6 960 1 4 9600 1920 640
7 1920 1 2 19200 3840 1280
8 1920 2 4 19200 3840 1280
9 3840 2 2 38400 7680 2560
E-DPDCH & E-DPCCH frame structure and content

E-DPDCH: Data only (+ 1 CRC/TTI);

SF = 256 – 2; Rchannel = 15 – 3840 kbps
Ndata = 10 x 2k+2 bit (K = 0..5)
E-DPCCH: L1 control data; SF = 256; 10 bit
1 Slot = 2560 chip = 2/3 ms

Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #2 Slot #i Slot #14

1 subframe = 2 ms
1 radio frame, Tframe = 10 ms
E-DPCCH content: k SF
Channel Bit
Bit/ Frame
Bit/ Bit/Slot
Rate [kbps] Subframe Ndata
• E-TFCI information (7 bit)
indicates E-DCH Transport Block Size; i.e. at given TTI 0 64 60 600 120 40
(TS 25.321; Annex B) 1 32 120 1200 240 80
• Retransmission Sequence Number RSN (2 bit)
2 16 240 2400 480 160
Value = 0 / 1 / 2 / 3 for:
Initial Transmission, 1st / 2nd / further Retransmission 3 8 480 4800 960 320
4 4 960 9600 1920 640
• „Happy" bit (1 bit)
indicating if UE could use more resources or not 5 2 1920 19200 3840 1280
Happy 1 6 4 1920 19200 3840 1280
Not happy 0 7 2 3840 38400 7680 2560
HSUPA DL physical channels
E-AGCH
E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel
carries DL absolute grants for UL E-DCH
contains: UE-Identity (E-RNTI) & max. UE power
ratio
E-DCH absolute grant transmitted over 1 TTI (2/10
ms)
SF = 256 (30 kbps; 20 bit/Slot)
Transmitted only by Serving Cell

NodeB

E-RGCH
UE
E-DCH Relative Grant Channel
carries DL relative grants for UL E-DCH;
complementary to E-AGCH E-DCH transmission:
• after E-AGCH
contains: relative Grants („UP“, „HOLD“, „DOWN“) & UE-
• after E-RGCH
Identity (via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code)
• Non-scheduled transmission
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
SF = 128 (60 kbps; 40 bit/Slot)
E-DCH Radio Network Temporary Identifier:
allocated by S-RNC for E-DCH user per Cell
E-HICH

UE
NodeB

E-HICH
E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
carries H-ARQ acknowledgement indicator for UL E- Dynamic E-RGCH/E-HICH
DCH code allocation:
contains ACK/NACK (+1; -1) & UE-Identity
RNC checks cyclically
(via signature; 40 orthogonal signatures/code; code sharing
with E-RGCH possible) number of allocated
E-DCH relative grant transmitted 1 TTI (2/10 ms)
signatures & adapts number
SF = 128 (60 kbps; 40 bit/Slot) of codes for E-RGCH/E-HICH
(if required)
DPDCH, DPCCH & HS-DPCCH / Summary
 DPDCH
E-AGCH
 for Voice & SRB if Absolute Grant

CS Voice over HSPA E-RGCH

Relative Grant: UP / HOLD / DOWN
not used
 3.4 kbps SRB uses E-DPCCH
L1 control: E-TFCI, RSN, happy bit
SF128
 DPCCH
E-DPDCH
 for TPC, TFCI & pilot User data & CRC

bits,
E-HICH
 if CPC not enabled Node B ACK/NACK UE
 HS-DPCCH HS-DPCCH
ACK/NACK & CQI
 for HSDPA CQI &
ACK/NACK
a-DCH (DPDCH & DPCCH)
WCDMA&HSPA Fundamentals
 Standardization & frequency bands
 Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
 HSDPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSUPA Principles & Physical Channels
 HSPA+ Features
 MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)
 DB-HSDPA (42Mbps)
 DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)
 HSUPA 16QAM
 Frequency Domain Equalizer
 HSUPA Interference Cancellation Receiver
 Flexible RLC in DL
 Flexible RLC in UL
 DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)
 Dynamic HSUPA BLER
 High Speed Cell_FACH
 CS Voice Over HSPA
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output MIMO Principle (1/2)
Signal from jth Tx antenna
Sj
T1 R1

MIMO
Input T2 R2 Output
Processor
• •
• •
• •
MxN
Tm MIMO Rn
system
 MIMO: Multiple-Input Multiple Output
 M transmit antennas, N receive antennas from MxN MIMO system
 huge data stream (input) distributed toward m spatial distributed antennas; m parallel bit
streams (Input 1..m)
 Spatial Multiplexing generate parallel “virtual data pipes”
 using Multipath effects instead of mitigating them
MIMO Principle (2/2)
Signal from jth Tx antenna Signal at ith Rx antenna
Sj h1,1
Yi
T1 hn,1 h2,1 R1
h1,m
h1,2 MIMO
h2,2 P
r
Input T2 hn,2 h2,m R2 o Output
c
e
• • s
• • s
• hn,m • o
r
Tm MxN Rn
MIMO
• Receiver learns Channel Matrix
h1,1 h1,2  h1,m H
h2,1 h2,2  h2,m • inverted Matrix H-1 used for
H= 





recalculation
   of original input data streams 1..m
hn,1 hn,2  hn,m m
yi   hi , j  s j  ni
ni: Noise at receiver

j 1
MIMO with 64QAM (42Mbps)
 2x2 MIMO with 16QAM was introduced in (28 Mbps) feature; taking into consideration that
64QAM
– The feature enables simultaneous operation of 2x2 MIMO and 64QAM (3GPP Rel.8)
WBTS: 2 Tx-
 Using 64QAM on top of MIMO increases the peak rate to 42 Mbps antennas
(28 Mbps x 1.5)
– 16QAM transfers 4 bits per modulation symbol
– 64QAM transfers 6 bits per modulation symbol

QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

UE: 2 Rx-
antennas

2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol 6 bits/symbol

HS- DSCH max. No. of min. Inter-TTI Dual-Stream MIMO Peak
Modulation
category HS-DSCH Codes interval supported Rate
15 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 23.4 Mbps
16 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM Yes 28 Mbps
17 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 17.4 or 23.4 Mbps
18 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM with MIMO or 64QAM only 21.1 or 28 Mbps
19 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 35.3 Mbps
20 15 2 ms QPSK/16QAM/ 64QAM Yes 42.2 Mbps
DC-HSDPA
 prior to 3GPP Release 8, HSDPA channel bandwidths are limited to 5 MHz
 Dual-Cell HSDPA: 3GPP Rel. 8 allows 2 adjacent channels to be combined
  effective HSDPA channel bandwidth of 10 MHz
 3GPP Rel. 8: Dual Cell HSDPA can be combined with 64QAM but not with MIMO
 (Release 9 allows combination with both, 64QAM & MIMO)
  42 Mbps HSDPA peak rate
Basic Approach Dual Cell Approach
2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF Channel 1 UE, using 2 × 5 MHz RF Channels
Peak Connection Throughput = 28 Peak Connection Throughput = 42
Mbps 5 MHz 5 MHz Mbps 10 MHz

F1 F2 F1 F2

MIMO (28 Mbps), or DC-HSDPA &

64QAM (21 Mbps) 64QAM (42 Mbps)
Dual Band HSDPA
 Included in application software package – license required
 HW prerequisites: Flexi rel.2
 Can be used if: DC-HSDPA and HSPA Peak Rate Upgrade features are active
 Brief Description:
– This feature introduces for a single UE the possibility of using simultaneously two carriers in DL that
are situated on two different WCDMA frequency bands
– Feature enables achieving 42 Mbps peak rate for user in DL (assuming 64QAM and 15 codes usage
on both frequencies)
– Comparing to single carrier case gives possibility to increase cell throughput
– Feature is much similar to DC-HSDPA in function
– Feature restricts single carrier usage in UL (DB or DC-HSUPA is not allowed)
– Motivations and Benefits:
 High Throughputs – This feature enables throughputs as high as 42 Mbps.
 Better Coverage – Dual Band allows using two different frequency bands. For cases where
high coverage is needed, lower Band of the two can be used to enhance coverage.
 Configurations flexibility – This feature with carriers from 2 different frequency bands allows
more flexibility in spectrum assignments
Dual Band HSDPA: With and Without the Feature

Without DB-HSDPA feature there is With DB-HSDPA feature there is

no possibility to establish data possibility to establish data
connection with to different band at connection with to different band at
the same time the same time

*Presented frequency bands are only exemplary detailed configurations options presented later on
DC-HSDPA DL transmission options DB-HSDPA DL transmission options
2 x 5 MHz 2 x 5 MHz 2 x 5 MHz
f1 f2 f1 f2 f1 f2
U2100 U900
U2100 U900
SC-HSDPA DL transmission options
5 MHz 5 MHz
f1 f1

U2100 U900
DC-HSDPA with MIMO (84Mbps)
• Prior, it was not possible to enable MIMO & DC-HSDPA in a cell in parallel

• Maximum connection throughputs in:

42 Mbps 42 Mbps 56 Mbps

2 – carriers
MIMO + 64QAM DB-DC-HSDPA + 64QAM DC-HSDPA + MIMO
3GPP Rel. 7 3GPP Rel. 9 3GPP Rel. 9

The UE must be 84 Mbps

category 25 to 28 DC-HSDPA + MIMO + Both supported by (DC-
or 30 or 32 or 34 64QAM HSDPA with MIMO)
or 36 3GPP Rel. 9
Supported Supported
HS- max. No. Supported
min. modulation modulations Supported
DSCH of modulations Peak
Inter-TTI s w/o MIMO w/ MIMO and modulations w/ MIMO
categ HS-DSCH w/o MIMO and Rate
interval or DC- w/o DC- and DC-HSDPA
ory Codes w/ DC-HSDPA
HSDPA HSDPA
25 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 46.7 Mbps
26 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM 56 Mbps
27 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 70.6 Mbps
28 15 2 ms - - - QPSK/16QAM/64QAM 84.4 Mbps
HSUPA 16QAM
– 3GPP Release 6 introduced HSUPA with QPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM

 maximum connection throughput of 5.76 Mbps

– 3GPP Release 7 introduces HSUPA with 16QAM

 maximum connection throughput of 11.52 Mbps

– HSUPA category 7 UE supports 16QAM

2 bits/symbol 4 bits/symbol 6 bits/sym
– The actual achievable throughput is limited by the radio conditions and maximum allowed uplink
noise rise
– Performance benefits from:
 Frequency Domain Equaliser (FDE)
 Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC)

– UE selects 16QAM once the throughput reaches a specific level defined by 3GPP
– Uplink Flexible RLC is applicable to HSUPA with 16QAM
Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference
Cancellation Receiver (1/2)
 The Node B receiver was based only on RAKE receiver technology
 RAN16 introduces:
– Frequency Domain Equalizer (FDE)
– HSUPA Interference Cancellation
 These features are most effective when used in combination but can also be enabled
individually
 Without these features, the noise rise generated by the uplink throughputs associated with
HSPA+ becomes prohibitively high

FDE captures the energy

from all multipath
components and allows up
to 2x higher 16QAM data
rates compared to a RAKE
receiver
Frequency Domain Equalizer & HSUPA Interference
Cancellation Receiver (2/2)
– FDE captures the energy from all multipath components and allows up to 2x higher 16QAM data
rates compared to a RAKE receiver
– RAKE delivers adequate performance for data rates below 2 Mbps; but RAKE is unable to receive
higher data rates even in total absence of other cell interference
• short spreading codes used for high HSUPA data rates are vulnerable to inter-symbol interference

– FDE efficiently removes inter-symbol interference arising from user's own signal due to multipath
propagation
– HSUPA 16QAM requires FDE to achieve data rates up to 11.5 Mbps with 2 x SF2 + 2 x SF4
 FDE can remove inter-symbol interference, leaving other users of the same cell and
surrounding cells to be the main limiting factors for UL data rates
 Interference from other users of the own cell can be alleviated using RAN1308 HSUPA
interference cancellation
– Target of the HSUPA interference cancellation is to
• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on other UL channels (Basic PIC, RAN1308)
 Improved coverage e.g. for AMR calls existing in parallel with peak rate users
• Decrease interference from HSUPA 2 ms TTI users on each other (Enhanced PIC, RAN2250)
 Enable for large peak HSUPA data rates (also 16-QAM)
Flexible RLC in DL Background
• RLC layer within the RNC segmented Pre-Release 7 Flexible RLC in DL
Approach Approach
large higher layer packets into many
small packets
• The Node B then had to concatenate
RNC RNC
and pad these small packets to fit
Segmentation
within the variable size HSDPA
transport block
• Flexible RLC in DL allows the RNC to
become relatively transparent Node Node
• The Node B segments the higher layer B Concatenation / B Segmentation /
Padding Concatenation
packets such that they fit within the
HSDPA transport block
• There is a reduced requirement for
RLC headers and padding
• Also reduces the processing
requirement in the RNC and UE
Downlink Flexible RLC: Impact
 Major improvements with Downlink Flexible RLC
– less processing in RNC and UE
– higher end user application throughput
– lower latency for packet access
– Significantly lower OH
– Lower risk for RLC stalling because of too small transmission windows

50%

45%
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 336 bits
40%
Rel. 6 with RLC PDU Size of 656 bits
overhead

35%
Rel. 7 Flexible RLC
30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500

RLC PDU size

Flexible RLC in UL

 Included in RAN16 basic software package – no license required

 HW prerequisites: Flexi rel.2
 Can be used if: Flexible RLC in DL and Basic HSUPA are both active
Prior Rel.8 Rel.8 Flexible RLC in UL
TCP/IP TCP/IP
header
TCP/IP Payload header
TCP/IP Payload
MTU: 1500 bytes MTU: 1500 bytes

RLC SDU RLC SDU

MAC-es/e RLC MAC-is/i RLC

headers PDUs Paddings headers PD Paddin
U g
19 MAC-es/e 19 fixed RLC PDUs One MAC-is/i
One RLC PDU is
headers (656 bits each) header required
required per 1500
required + required per 1500 + optional
bytes IP packet
optional padding bytes IP packet padding
Control data = 3.72% of whole transport Control data = 0.27% of whole transport block
block • It corresponds to 93% drop of control data for typical IP
• When the transmission error occurs one small RLC PDU packet size of 1500 bytes
needs to be retransmitted • When the transmission errors occur one big RLC PDU
needs to be retransmitted
Flexible RLC in UL: Background

 UE selects the E-TFC and TBS according to current grant on TTI basis
 RLC operations (segmentation and concatenation) on RLC SDUs are performed to fit
maximum RLC PDU size
 New MAC-is/i are introduced in order to handle flexible instead of fixed size RLC PDUs
– MAC-i is introduced in the UE and BTS
– MAC-is is introduced in the UE and RNC

UE BTS RN
C
RLC RLC

MAC-d MAC-d

MAC- MAC-i MAC-is

is/i

Uu Iub
Flexible RLC in UL: Advantages

 Relative overhead and padding depends on the number of used PDUs

 For the typical IP packet size the relative overhead and padding is reduced from 3.72% to
0.27%, it relates to 93% of drop of control data
25%
Fixed RLC PDU
Relative overhead and padding

Flexible RLC PDU

20% Length indicator
RLC PDU changed Relative overhead and
changed from 7 to 15
from 336 to 656 bits padding is equal to
bits
3.72%
15%
Relative overhead and
padding is equal to
0.27%
10%

5%

0%
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500
RLC SDU size [bytes]
 Cell throughput for UE categories VIII and IX is increased
 Peak RLC throughput for UE categories VIII and IX is also increased
DC-HSUPA (23Mbps)
 DC-HSUPA is introduced in 3GPP Rel.9
 In UL UE sends the data over two parallel E-DCHs, each on a separate adjacent carriers
 In DL UE receives the data over DC-HSDPA, on adjacent carriers
 The UE must be category 8 or 9
Basic Approach Dual Cell Approach
2 UE, each using 5 MHz RF Channel 1 UE, using 2 × 5 MHz RF Channels
Peak Connection Throughput = 11.5 Peak Connection Throughput = 23
Mbps Mbps
5 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz

F1 F2 F1 F2
• Cat-8: QPSK + DC-
HSUPA
• Cat-9: 16-QAM + DC-
HSUPA
HSUPA 16QAM DC HSUPA and16QAM (23 Mbps)
(11.5Mbps)
Dynamic HSUPA BLER
 Without the Dynamic HSUPA BLER feature
the BLER target evaluation is the same
regardless to:
 UE - BTS distance (cell edge / close to the
 With the Dynamic HSUPA BLER feature the
BLER target is optimized for different user
scenarios and radio conditions:
– Close to BTS: optimizing BLER to get peak rates

BTS)  Cell edge continuous data transmission:

 Bursty / continuous data transmission optimizing radio coverage and cell

capacity
 Bursty traffic: optimizing latency
 OLPC algorithm (RNC) enhancement
 Support for different BLER targets adapted
to current radio transmission conditions

HSUP
A

10%BLER
10%BLER 1%BLER
10%BLER
10%BLER after
1st NACK
High Speed Cell_FACH
 CELL_FACH is suitable for “always on” type services which have frequent but small data
packets
 UE in CELL_FACH uses the FACH transport channel mapped onto a S-CCPCH for
transmission of small downlink data packets
 3GPP Release 7 work item “Enhanced CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the use of
HSDPA in CELL_FACH, CELL_PCH and URA_PCH
 3GPP Release 8 work item “Enhanced Uplink for CELL_FACH State in FDD” specifies the
use of HSDPA and HSUPA in CELL_FACH
Feature supports:
•peak connection
throughputs of 1.8Mbps in
 Prior to RAN16, HSPA could only be used in CELL_DCH DL & 1.4Mbps in UL
 RAN16 introduces the ability to use HSPA in CELL_FACH •peak cell throughputs of 1.8
Mbps in DL 1.4 Mbps in UL
– increases connection throughputs in CELL_FACH
– reduces state transition times
 RAN1913 is limited to allowing the use of HSPA in CELL_FACH (HSDPA in CELL_PCH and
URA_PCH is not supported)
CS Voice Over HSPA Requirements
 UE:
– must support CSvoiceOverHSPA
– optional feature in Rel. 7/8
 SRB must be mapped to HSPA
 Codecs supported for CS Voice Over HSPA:
– AMR (12.2, 7.95, 5.9, 4.75), (5.9, 4.75) & (12.2)
for Voice, SRB
– AMR-WB (12.65, 8.85, 6.6) & other services

Assumed IP
Header
Compression

[REF. WCDMA for UMTS – HSPA Evolution and LTE, HH AT]

Final Comparison: Rel. 99 WCDMA, HSDPA & HSUPA

Feature Rel. 99 (DCH) HSUPA HSDPA

variable Spreading Factor Yes (256 – 4) Yes (256 – 2) No (16)

Multicode transmission Yes Yes Yes

(Not in practice)
Fast Power Control Yes Yes No

Soft Handover Yes Yes No

(associated DCH only)

Fast Power Control Yes Yes No

Node B: Fast Link Adaptation No No Yes

Modulation QPSK QPSK/16QAM QPSK/16QAM/64QAM

Node B: Fast Packet Scheduling No Yes Yes

Node B: Fast L1 HARQ No Yes Yes

 Honey Charnalia
 HONEY.CHARNALIA@GMAIL.COM
 +91 8586972332
 Skype: honey_charnalia
THANK
THANK YOU
YOU