Transformer & Pump

Muhammad Egy Saputra (15)

Muhammat Taufiq Hidayat
(17)
 Transformer
A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers
electrical energy between two or more circuits through 
electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in
turn induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or "voltage
" in a second coil. Power can be transferred between the
two coils through the magnetic field, without a metallic
connection between the two circuits.

A transformer changes the potential difference of

electricity. It only works with a.c. (alternating current)
electricity:
> step-down transformer reduces the potential
difference
> step-up transformer increases the potential difference
The structure of a
transformer
A transformer consists of a soft
iron core with two coils of
insulated wire wrapped
separately around it. Each coil
has a different numbers of turns,
or loops.
The primary coil is connected to
an a.c. supply. It acts like an 
electromagnet. The secondary
coil is where an alternating
potential difference is induced.
How transformers work
> An alternating current passes through the primary coil.
> The alternating current produces a magnetic field that
continuously changes direction. The soft iron core increases
the strength of the magnetic field.
> The secondary coil cuts through the changing magnetic
field, inducing an alternating potential difference across the
ends of the coil.
> An alternating current flows if a circuit is connected to the
secondary coil
It is important to note that there is no electrical connection
between the primary and the secondary coils.
Calculating the potential difference across the coils
The potential difference across the primary and secondary
coils of a transformer can be shown in the following equation:

Vp is the potential difference across the primary coil in volts, V

Vs is the potential difference across the secondary coil in volts,
V
np is the number of turns in the primary coil
ns is the number of turns in the secondary coil
This means that:
step-up transformers have more turns on their secondary coil
step-down transformers have more turns on their primary coil
 Pump
 Pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or 
gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical
action. Pumps can be classified into three major
groups according to the method they use to move
the fluid: direct lift, displacement,
and gravity pumps.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically 
reciprocating or rotary), and consume energy to
perform mechanical work by moving the fluid.
Pumps operate via many energy sources, including
manual operation, electricity, engines, or 
wind power, come in many sizes, from microscopic
for use in medical applications to large industrial
pumps.
Mechanical pumps serve in a wide range of
applications such as pumping water from wells, 
aquarium filtering, pond filtering and aeration, in
the car industry for water-cooling and 
fuel injection, in the energy industry for 
pumping oil and natural gas or for operating 
cooling towers. In the medical industry, pumps
are used for biochemical processes in developing
and manufacturing medicine, and as artificial
replacements for body parts, in particular the 
artificial heart and penile prosthesis.
> Single stage pump – When a casing contains
only one revolving impeller, it is called a single
stage pump.

> Double/multi-stage pump – When a casing

contains two or more revolving impellers, it is
called a double or multi-stage pump.