Computer Graphic - Chapter 04

Hochiminh city University of Technology
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering
COMPUTER GRAPHICS
CHAPTER :
Geometric objects and
transformations
OUTLINE
 Vector
 Dot product
 Cross Product
 Scalars
 Points
 Affine Sums
 Parametric Form
 Line
 Plane
 Some Example
 Representation
 Frames in OpenGL
Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering - HCMUT Slide 2

Vector
 Why vector important?
– Remove Hidden-face.
– Normal vector
– Three basic elements in geometry: scalar, point,
vector

Vector
 Physical definition: a vector is a quantity with two
attributes: 1)Direction; 2)Magnitude
 Examples include: 1)Force; 2)Velocity
 Vectors Lack Position: These vectors are identical
– Same length and magnitude

Vector
a = (2, 5, 6), b = (-2, 7, 1)
 Addition: a + b = (0, 12, 7)
 Scalar-vector multiplication: 6a = (12, 30, 39)
 Subtraction: a - b = a + (-b) = (4, -2, 5)

Vector

Vector
Magnitude: w  w12  w22  ...  wn2
a
Unit vector: ua 
a

Dot product
 Definition: The dot product d of two n-dimensional vectors
v = (v1, v2, ..., vn) and w = (w1, w2, ..., wn) is denoted as
vw and has the value:
n
d  v  w   vi wi
i 1
 Properties
– Symmetry: ab = ba
– Linearity: (a + c)b = ab + cb
– Homogeneity: (sa)b = s(ab)
– |b|2 = bb

Dot product
 The angle between two vectors
bc = |b||c| cos()
cos(θ )  u b  uc

Dot product
 The 2D “perp” vector
– Suppose a = (ax, ay), then a  = (-ay, ax) is the
counterclockwise perpendicular to a.

Dot product
 Orthogonal Projections and the Distance from a point to
a line
c = Kv + Mv ( K, M = ?)
cv c  v
cv = Kvv + Mvv  K M  
vv v v
 vc  v  c   
v c v  c
c   2 v   v distance  v 
 v   v2  2
v
    v
Dot product
 Reflection
r = e – m, e = a - m  r = a - 2m
an
m 2
n  (a  un )u n
n
r = a - 2(a  un )un

Cross Product
 The cross product of two vector is a vector
 Only for 3-dimensinal vector
 Suppose a = (ax, ay, az) and b = (bx, by, bz), then the
cross product of a and b is
a  b = (aybz – azby)i + (azbx – axbz)j + (axby – aybx)k
i j k
a  b  ax ay az
bx by bz
|a  b| = |a||b|sin()

Scalars
 Scalars can be defined as members of sets which can be
combined by two operations (addition and multiplication)
obeying some fundamental axioms (associativity,
commutivity, inverses)
 Examples include the real and complex number systems
under the ordinary rules with which we are familiar
 Scalars alone have no geometric properties

Points
 Location in space
 Operations allowed between points and vectors
– Point-point subtraction yields a vector
– Equivalent to point-vector addition
v=P-Q
P=v+Q

Affine Sums
 Linear combination of m vector v1,v2,…,vm is vector
w = a1v1 + a2v2 + … + amvm
(a1, a2, … ,am are scalars)
 Affine combination if
a1+ a2+ … +am = 1
 Convex combination
a1+ a2+ … +am = 1 and
aj >=0, i=1,…,m

Parametric Form
 Implicit: describes a curve by a function F(x, y), provides a
relationship between the x and y cordinates: the point (x, y) lies
pm the curve if and only if F(x, y) = 0.
– F(x, y) = (y - Ay)(Bx - Ax) - (x - Ax)(By - Ay) (line)
– F(x, y) = x2 + y2 – R2 (circle)
 Inside-outside function
– F(x, y) = 0, for all (x, y) on the curve
– F(x, y) > 0, for all (x, y) outside the curve
– F(x, y) < 0, for all (x, y) inside the curve
 Problem
– For some curves, can not rearrange y=g(x) from F(x, y), For
example:
y R x 2 2

Parametric Form
 Parametric form
– Ex 1: a straight line passes through A and B. Choose
a parametric form that visit A at t = 0, visit B at t = 1.
x(t) = Ax + (Bx - Ax)t
y(t) = Ay + (By - Ay)t
@t=1
B (Bx, By)
@t=0
A (Ax, Ay)

Parametric Form
 Parametric form
EX 2: Ellipse with radius W and H
x(t) = Wcos(t)
y(t) = Hsin(t) t=/2 y y(t)
H (x(t), y(t))H
với ( 0 t  2 ) W 2
-c c x t
t= -H
-W W
x(t)

2
t

Parametric Form
 Draw parametric form curve
a) t=T b) Pm
P2
t=0
P1
P(t) = (x(t), y(t))
//draw the curve (x(t), t(t)) using

//the array t[0], ..., t[n-1] of “sample-times”
glBegin(GL_LINE_STRIP);
for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
glVertex2f(x(t[i]), y(t[i]));
glEnd() ;

Parametric Form
 Superellipse
– Implicit form
n n
 x  y
     1
W   H 
– Parametric form
x(t )  W cos(t ) cos 2 / n1 (t )
y (t )  H sin( t ) sin 2 / n1 (t )
– n = 2m/(2n+1)
– n < 1 inward
– n > 1 outward
– n = 1 square

Parametric Form
 Superhyperbola
– Parametric form
x(t )  W sec( t ) sec 2 / n1 (t )
y (t )  H tan( t ) tan 2 / n1 (t )
– n = 2m/(2n+1)
– n < 1 inward
– n > 1 outward
– n = 1 line

Parametric Form
 3D curves
P(t) = (x(t), y(t), z(t))
Helix
x(t) = cos(t)
y(t) = sin(t)
z(t) = bt
Toroidal spiral
x(t) = (asin(ct) + b)cos(t),
y(t) = (asin(ct) + b)sin(t),
z(t) = acos(ct)

Line
 Line, line segment, ray
Parametric form
L(t) = C + bt
Line segment, 0  t  1
Ray, 0  t  
Line, -  t  

Line
 Point-normal form: n(R - C) = 0
Conversion

Plane
 Parametric form:
P(s, t) = C + sa + tb
 Point-normal form:
n(R - C) = 0
n = ab

Plane
 Conversion

Some Examples
 Intersection of two line segment
AB(t) = A + bt ; CD(u) = C + du
Find t and u such as A + bt = C + du
bt = c + du với c = C - A
d  bt = d  c
 d  b  0.
d  c
t 
d b
b  c
u 
d b
 d  b = 0

Some Examples
 The Circle through 3 points
 Perpendicular bisector L(t )  1 ( A  B )  ( B  A)  t

 a = B - A; b = C - B; c = A - C; 2
 Perp. bisector AB: A + a/2 + at ; AC: A - c/2 + cu
 at = b/2 + cu  1 bc 1 bc 
t S  A   a  
a 

2 a c 2 a c 

Representation
 Linear Independence
– A set of vectors v1, v2, …, vn is linearly independent if
a1v1+a2v2+.. anvn=0 iff a1=a2=…=0
– If a set of vectors is linearly independent, we cannot
represent one in terms of the others
– If a set of vectors is linearly dependent, as least one
can be written in terms of the others

Representation
 Dimension
– In a vector space, the maximum number of linearly
independent vectors is fixed and is called the
dimension of the space
– In an n-dimensional space, any set of n linearly
independent vectors form a basis for the space
– Given a basis v1, v2,…., vn, any vector v can be
written as
v=a1v1+ a2v2 +….+anvn
where the {ai} are unique

Representation
 Coordinate Systems
– Until now we have been able to work with geometric
entities without using any frame of reference, such as
a coordinate system
– Need a frame of reference to relate points and objects
to our physical world.
• For example, where is a point? Can’t answer
without a reference system
• Local coordinates
• World coordinates
• Camera coordinates

Representation
– Consider a basis v1, v2,…., vn
– A vector is written v=a1v1+ a2v2 +….+anvn
– The list of scalars {a1, a2, …. an}is the representation of v
with respect to the given basis
– We can write the representation as a row or column array
of scalars
 a1 
a 
 2
a=[a1 a2 …. T
an ] =  . 
a 
 n
 

Representation
Coordinate Systems
– v=2v1+3v2-4v3
– a=[2 3 –4]T
– Note that this representation is with respect to a
particular basis
– For example, in OpenGL we start by representing
vectors using the object basis but later the system
needs a representation in terms of the camera or eye
basis

Representation
– Which is correct?
– Both are because vectors have no fixed location

Representation
 Frames
– A coordinate system is insufficient to represent points
– If we work in an affine space we can add a single
point, the origin, to the basis vectors to form a frame
v2
v1
P0
v3

Representation
 Frames
– Frame determined by (P0, v1, v2, v3)
– Within this frame, every vector can be written as
– Every point can be written as
P = P0 + b1v1+ b2v2 +….+bnvn

Representation
 Confusing Points and Vector
Consider the point and the vector
P = P0 + b1v1+ b2v2 +….+bnvn
They appear to have the similar representations
p=[b1 b2 b3] v=[a1 a2 a3] v
which confuses the point with the vector p
A vector has no position v
Vector can be placed anywhere

point: fixed

Representation
 A Single Representation
If we define 0•P = 0 and 1•P =P then we can write
v=a1v1+ a2v2 +a3v3 = [a1 a2 a3 0 ] [v1 v2 v3 P0] T
P = P0 + b1v1+ b2v2 +b3v3= [b1 b2 b3 1 ] [v1 v2 v3 P0] T
Thus we obtain the four-dimensional homogeneous
coordinate representation
v = [a1 a2 a3 0 ] T
p = [b b b 1 ] T
1 2 3

Representation
 Homogeneous Coordinates
The homogeneous coordinates form for a three dimensional
point [x y z] is given as
p =[x’ y’ z’ w] T =[wx wy wz w] T
We return to a three dimensional point (for w0) by
xx’/w
yy’/w
zz’/w
If w=0, the representation is that of a vector
Note that homogeneous coordinates replaces points in three
dimensions by lines through the origin in four dimensions
For w=1, the representation of a point is [x y z 1]

Representation
 Homogeneous Coordinates
– Homogeneous coordinates are key to all computer
graphics systems
• All standard transformations (rotation, translation,
scaling) can be implemented with matrix
multiplications using 4 x 4 matrices
• Hardware pipeline works with 4 dimensional
representations
• For orthographic viewing, we can maintain w=0 for
vectors and w=1 for points
• For perspective we need a perspective division

Representation
 Change of Coordinate Systems
– Consider two representations of a the same vector
with respect to two different bases. The
representations are
a=[a1 a2 a3 ]
b=[b1 b2 b3]
where
v=a1v1+ a2v2 +a3v3 = [a1 a2 a3] [v1 v2 v3] T
=b u + b u +b u = [b b b ] [u u u ] T
1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

Representation
– Each of the basis vectors, u1,u2, u3, are vectors that can
be represented in terms of the first basis
v
u1 = g11v1+g12v2+g13v3
u2 = g21v1+g22v2+g23v3
u3 = g31v1+g32v2+g33v3

Representation
The coefficients define a 3 x 3 matrix
 g g g 
g g  
M =   g 
 g  g  g 33 
and the bases can be related by
a=MTb

Representation
1 0 u2
v1   ; v2   
0 1
w
u1  3v1 v2
u2  2v2
1 0  v1 u1
M 
 3 0 T  3 0
;M    
 ;M T 1  3

1


 0 2   0 2  0 
1 0  1  2
1 3  1  3 
a   ; b  Ta       
1 1 1 1
0   
 2 2
Representation
u1  v1  v2 w
u2  v1  v2
 1 1 T 1  1 v2
M  ; M  ;
1 1  u2
  1 1   u1
 1 1 v1
 
M T 1  2

1 1
2   1 1
 
 2 2  
 b M T 1 
a 2 2 



1 1
  
1 1 1 0
 
 2 2
Representation
 Change of Frames
– We can apply a similar process in homogeneous
coordinates to the representations of both points and
vectors
u1 u2
Consider two frames: v2
(P0, v1, v2, v3) Q0
(Q0, u1, u2, u3) P0 v1
u3
v3
– Any point or vector can be represented in either frame
– We can represent Q0, u1, u2, u3 in terms of P0, v1, v2, v3

Representation
Extending what we did with change of bases
u1 = g11v1+g12v2+g13v3
u2 = g21v1+g22v2+g23v3
u3 = g31v1+g32v2+g33v3
Q0 = g41v1+g42v2+g43v3 +g44P0
defining a 4 x 4 matrix
 g g g 
g g  
g  
M=  
 g  g  g  
 
 g  g  g  

Representation
Within the two frames any point or vector has a
representation of the same form
a=[a1 a2 a3 a4 ] in the first frame

b=[b1 b2 b3 b4 ] in the second frame
where a4  b4   for points and a4  b4   for vectors

and
a=MTb
The matrix M is 4 x 4 and specifies an affine
transformation in homogeneous coordinates

Frames in OpenGL
 Object or model coordinates
 World coordinates
 Eye (or camera) coordinates
 Clip coordinates
 Normalized device coordinates
 Window (or screen) coordinates

Transformations
 General Transformations
A transformation maps points to other points and/or
vectors to other vectors
v=T(u)
Q=T(P)

Transformations
P = (Px, Py, 1); Q = (Qx, Qy, 1) (Q - image)
(Qx, Qy, 1) = T (Px, Py, 1) (T – transformation)
Q = T(P).
a) b) y
Q
y T
Q
P
0
P
x x
z

Transformations
a) b) y
after
y
after before
before
x x

Transformations
 Affine Transformations
Qx = m11Px +m12Py +m13

Qy = m21Px +m22Py +m23
 Qx   m11 m12 m13  Px 

    
 Qy    m21 m22 m23  Py 
1  0 1  1 
   0
always (0, 0, 1)
T

Transformations
 Affine Transformations
– Line preserving
– Characteristic of many physically important
transformations
• Rigid body transformations: rotation,
translation
• Scaling, shear
– Importance in graphics is that we need only transform
endpoints of line segments and let implementation
draw line segment between the transformed endpoints

Transformations
 Pipeline Implementation
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex3f(. . .);
glVertex3f(. . .);
glVertex3f(. . .);
glEnd();
P1, P2,... Q1, Q2,...

CT
y P3 y
P2
P1
z x z x

Transformations in 2D
 Translation
 Qx   1 0 m13  Px 
Qx = Px + m13     
Qy = Py + m23  Qy    0 1 m23  Py 
 1   0 0 1  1 
    
y 1 0 2 y
 
0 1 1
0 0 1
 
1
x x
2

 Scaling
 Qx   S x 0 0  Px 
Qx = Sx Px     
Qy = Sy Py  Qy    0 Sy 0  Py 
1 0 1  1 
  y 0
1.3 0 0 
y   uniform
 0 1.3 0 
 0 
 0 1  x
y
1.5 0 0  Non-
x   uniform
 0 0.5 0 
 0 
 0 1  x

 Scaling (Reflection)
y
  1 0 0
    1 0 0
 
 0 1 0  0 1 0
 0 0 1
 
 0 0 1
y   x
x   1 0 0
  x
 0  1 0
0 
 0 1 

 Scaling (Reflection)
  1 0 0
 
 0 2 0
 0 0 1
 
 Rotation  cos( )  sin(  ) 0 
Qx = Px cos() – Py sin()  
 sin(  ) cos( ) 0 
Qy = Px sin() + Py cos()  0 
 0 1 
 0.5  3 / 2 0 
 
y  3/2 0.5 0 y
 
 0 0 1 
x 600 x

 Rotation
y
Q
R P

 x
Qx  R cos(   )
Q y  R sin(    )
Qx  R cos  cos   R sin  sin   Px cos   Py sin 
Q y  R sin  cos   R cos  sin   Px sin   Py cos 

y
 Shear  1 h 0
 
 0 1 0
 0 0 1
  x
y
y  1 0 0
 
 g 1 0
 0 0 1
x   x
x
 Inverses
y
a) b) T
T Q
y Q
T’
P
P T’ 0
x x
z
P = T‘Q = M-1Q
1  m22  m12 
1
M   
det M   m21 m11 
det M = m11 m22 – m12 m21

 Inverses
– Although we could compute inverse matrices by
general formulas, we can use simple geometric
observations
• Translation: T-1(dx, dy, dz) = T(-dx, -dy, -dz)
• Rotation: R -1() = R(-)
→Holds for any rotation matrix
→Note that since cos(-) = cos() and sin(-
)=-sin() R -1() = R T()
• Scaling: S-1(sx, sy, sz) = S(1/sx, 1/sy, 1/sz)

 Inverses
Scaling Rotation
 1 
 0 0  cos( ) sin(  ) 0 
 Sx   
1  1  M    sin(  ) cos( ) 0 
1
M  0 0  0 

Sy
  0 1 
 0 0 1
 
 
Translation
Shear
1  h 0  1 0  m13 
  1
 
1
M   0 1 0 M   0 1  m23 
0 0 1 0 0 
   1 
 Concatenation
y Q
T1()
T2()
P
W
T()
x

 Concatenation
– We can form arbitrary affine transformation matrices
by multiplying together rotation, translation, and
scaling matrices
– Because the same transformation is applied to many
vertices, the cost of forming a matrix M=ABCD is
not significant compared to the cost of computing
Mp for many vertices p

 Concatenation
– Note that matrix on the right is the first applied
– Mathematically, the following are equivalent
• W = T2 Q = T2 (T1 P) = (T2 T1 )P
y Q
T1()
T2()
P
W
T()
x

 Concatenation
- Move fixed point to origin
- Rotate
- Move fixed point back
- M = T(pf) R() T(-pf)
 1 0 Vx  cos( )  sin(  ) 0  1 0  Vx 
   
 0 1 Vy  sin(  ) cos( ) 0  0 1  Vy 
Q  0 0 1  0 1  0 0 1 
  0
Q’  P  cos( )  sin(  ) d x 
V  

  sin(  ) cos( ) d y 
P’
 0 1 
 0

 General Formula
 m11 m12 m13 m14 
 
 m21 m22 m23 m24 
M 
m m32 m33 m34 
 31 
 0 0 0 1 
 Qx   Px 
   
 Qy   Py 
Q   M  P 
 z   z 
 1 1

 Translation
1 0 0 m14 
 
0 1 0 m24 
0 0 1 m34 
 
0 0 0 1 
 Scaling
y y
 Sx 0 0 0
 
0 Sy 0 0
0 0 Sz 0
  z x z x
0 0 0 1

 Shear
1 0 0 0
 
f 1 0 0 Q = (Px, fPx + Py, Pz )
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
 Rotation
y  x-roll, y-roll, z-roll
 when angle = 900:
P’ Q’
z-roll: xy
Q’’
Q
P x-roll: yz
P’’
z x y-roll: zx
Rotation
1 0 0 0  c 0 s 0 c  s 0 0
     
0 c s 0  0 1 0 0 s c 0 0
Rx ( b )   R (b )   Rz ( b )  
0 s c 0 y s 0 c 0  0 0 1 0
     
0 0 0 1  0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
a) object b) Rotate about Ox c) Rotate about Oy d) Rotate aboute

(- 700) (300) Oz (- 900)
y y y y
z x z x z x z x

 Rotation about an Arbitrary Axis
y u
 u  x.
 Rotate about x axis with angle b.
Q  recover u.
b
P

z  x Ru(b)=Ry(-)Rz()Rx(b)Rz(-)Ry()
 c  (1  c)ux2 (1  c)u y ux  suz (1  c)uz ux  su y 0

 
 (1  c)ux u y  suz c  (1  c)u 2y (1  c)uz u y  su x 0
 (1  c)u u  su (1  c)u y uz  su x c  (1  c)uz2 0
 x z y 
 1 
 0 0 0

 Instancing
– In modeling, we often start with a simple object
centered at the origin, oriented with the axis, and at a
standard size
– We apply an instance transformation to its vertices to:
Scale, rotate, translate

Transformations in OpenGL
y glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2d(V[0].x, V[0].y);
#2
glVertex2d(V[1].x, V[1].y);
25 glVertex2d(V[2].x, V[2].y);
...// others vertices
#1 glEnd();
x
32
How to draw Draw the house

the house #2 #1
???

 How to draw the house #2: the hard way
– Q = transform2D(M, P);
glBegin(GL_LINES);
glVertex2d(transform2D(M, V[0]));
glVertex2d(transform2D(M, V[1]));
...............................
glEnd();
- How to find Q?

 How to draw the house #2: the easy way
house(); // draw the house #1
translate2D(32, 25);
rotate2D(-30);
house();// draw the house #2

Sy
V Q S S
CTM WV
V Sx
Q

 OpenGL has a model-view and a projection matrix in the
pipeline which are concatenated together to form the
CTM
 Can manipulate each by first setting the correct matrix
mode

 The CTM can be altered either by loading a new CTM or
by postmutiplication
– Load an identity matrix: C I
– Load an arbitrary matrix: C M
• Load a translation matrix: CT
• Load a rotation matrix: C R
• Load a scaling matrix: CS
– Postmultiply by an arbitrary matrix: CCM
• Postmultiply by a translation matrix: CCT
• Postmultiply by a rotation matrix: CC R
• Postmultiply by a scaling matrix: CC S
 Rotation about a Fixed Point
– Start with identity matrix: C  I
– Move fixed point to origin: C  CT
– Rotate: C  CR
– Move fixed point back: C  CT -1
– Result: C = TRT -1 which is backwards.

 Rotation about a Fixed Point
– We want C = T -1 R T, so we must do the
operations in the following order
• C I
• C C T -1
• C CR
• C CT
– Each operation corresponds to one function call in the
program.
– Note that the last operation specified is the first
executed in the program

 In OpenGL matrices are part of the state
 Multiple types
– Model-View (GL_MODELVIEW)
– Projection (GL_PROJECTION)
– Texture (GL_TEXTURE) (ignore for now)
– Color(GL_COLOR) (ignore for now)
 Single set of functions for manipulation
 Select which to manipulated by
– glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
– glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);

 Load an identity matrix:
– glLoadIdentity()
 Rotation, Translation, Scaling
– glRotatef(theta, vx, vy, vz)
• theta in degrees, (vx, vy, vz) define axis of rotation
– glTranslatef(dx, dy, dz)
– glScalef( sx, sy, sz)

 Rotation about z axis by 30 degrees with a fixed point of
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
– glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
– glLoadIdentity();
– glTranslatef(1.0, 2.0, 3.0);
– glRotatef(30.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
– glTranslatef(-1.0, -2.0, -3.0);
 Remember that last matrix specified in the program is the
first applied

 Can load and multiply by matrices defined in the
application program
– glLoadMatrixf(m)
– glMultMatrixf(m)
 The matrix m is a one dimension array of 16 elements
which are the components of the desired 4 x 4 matrix
stored by columns
 In glMultMatrixf, m multiplies the existing matrix on
the right

 Reading Back Matrices
– Can also access matrices (and other parts of the state) by
query functions
• glGetIntegerv
• glGetFloatv
• glGetBooleanv
• glGetDoublev
• glIsEnabled
– For matrices, we use as
• double m[16];
• glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW, m);

 Matrix stack
– In many situations we want to save transformation
matrices for use later
• Traversing hierarchical data structures (Chapter
10)
• Avoiding state changes when executing display
lists
– OpenGL maintains stacks for each type of matrix
Access present type (as set by glMatrixMode) by
• glPushMatrix()
• glPopMatrix()

 Matrix Stack a) b)
D
H
W
L
pushCT(); // so we can return here
translate2D(W, H); // position for the first motif
for(row = 0; row < 3; row++){ // draw each row
pushCT();
for(col = 0 ; col < 3; col++){
motif();
translate2D(L, 0);} //move to the right
popCT(); // back to the start of this row
translate2D(0, D); }//move up to the next row
popCT(); //back to where we started
Building Models
 Simple Representation
– Define each polygon by the geometric locations of its
vertices
– Leads to OpenGL code such as
• glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex3f(x1, x1, x1);
• glEnd();
– Inefficient and unstructured
• Consider moving a vertex to a new location
• Must search for all occurrences

Building Models
 Geometry vs Topology
– Generally it is a good idea to look for data structures
that separate the geometry from the topology
• Geometry: locations of the vertices
• Topology: organization of the vertices and
edges
• Example: a polygon is an ordered list of
vertices with an edge connecting successive
pairs of vertices and the last to the first
• Topology holds even if geometry changes

Building Models
 Vertex Lists
– Put the geometry in an array
– Use pointers from the vertices into this array
– Introduce a polygon list
x 1 y 1 z1
v1 x 2 y 2 z2
P1 v7
P2
x 3 y 3 z3
v6
P3 x 4 y 4 z4
P4 v8 x5 y5 z5.
P5 v5 x 6 y 6 z6
v6 x 7 y 7 z7
x 8 y 8 z8

Building Models
 Modeling a Cube
GLfloat vertices[][3] = {{-1.0,-1.0,-1.0},{1.0,-1.0,-1.0},
{1.0,1.0,-1.0}, {-1.0,1.0,-1.0}, {-1.0,-1.0,1.0},
{1.0,-1.0,1.0}, {1.0,1.0,1.0}, {-1.0,1.0,1.0}};
GLfloat colors[][3] = {{0.0,0.0,0.0},{1.0,0.0,0.0},
{1.0,1.0,0.0}, {0.0,1.0,0.0}, {0.0,0.0,1.0},
{1.0,0.0,1.0}, {1.0,1.0,1.0}, {0.0,1.0,1.0}};

Building Models
 Modeling a Cube
void polygon(int a, int b, int c, int d)
{
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glColor3fv(colors[a]);
glVertex3fv(vertices[a]);
glVertex3fv(vertices[b]);
glVertex3fv(vertices[c]);
glVertex3fv(vertices[d]);
glEnd();
}

Building Models
 Modeling a Cube
void colorcube( )
{ 5 6
polygon(0,3,2,1);
polygon(2,3,7,6); 2
1
polygon(0,4,7,3);
7
polygon(1,2,6,5); 4
polygon(4,5,6,7);
0
polygon(0,1,5,4); 3

Building Models
 Modeling a Cube
– The weakness of our approach is that we are building
the model in the application and must do many
function calls to draw the cube
– Drawing a cube by its faces in the most straight
forward way requires
• 6 glBegin, 6 glEnd
• 6 glColor
• 24 glVertex
• More if we use texture and lighting

Building Models
 Inward and Outward Facing polygons
– The order {v1, v6, v7} and {v6, v7,
v1} are equivalent in that the same
polygon will be rendered by
OpenGL but the order {v1, v7, v6}
is different
– The first two describe outwardly
facing polygons
– Use the right-hand rule = counter-
clockwise encirclement of outward-
pointing normal
– OpenGL can treat inward and
outward facing polygons differently

Further Reading
 “Interactive Computer Graphics: A Topdown
Approach Using OpenGL”, Edward Angel
– Chapter 4: Geometric Objects and Transformation
 “Đồ họa máy tính trong không gian hai chiều”, Trần
Giang Sơn
– Chương 4: Vector trong đồ họa máy tính
– Chương 5: Biến đổi hình

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Hochiminh city University of Technology

Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering

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//draw the curve (x(t), t(t)) using

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 Perpendicular bisector L(t )  1 ( A  B )  ( B  A)  t

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– Both are because vectors have no fixed location

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Vector can be placed anywhere

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a=[a1 a2 a3 a4 ] in the first frame

where a4  b4   for points and a4  b4   for vectors

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Qx = m11Px +m12Py +m13

 Qx   m11 m12 m13  Px 

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P1, P2,... Q1, Q2,...

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