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Basic Civil Engineering-Foundation: Mr.B.Ramesh
Basic Civil Engineering-Foundation: Mr.B.Ramesh
By
Mr.B.Ramesh, M.E.,(Ph.D),
Research Scholar, CEG, Anna University, Chennai.
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering,
Jeppiaar Trust, Chennai-119
Foundation
Foundation
Introduction :
A structure essentially consists of two parts, namely the super
structure which is above the plinth level and the substructure which is
below the plinth level.
Substructure is otherwise known as the foundation and this forms the
base for any structure. Generally about 30% of the total construction
cost is spent on the foundation.
The soil on which the foundation rests is called the “foundation soil”.
Objectives of a foundation :
A foundation is provided for the following purposes:
To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger area.
To support the structures.
To give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing
forces, such as wind and rain.
To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.
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Foundation…
Types of foundation : Types of Pile foundation :
Friction pile
The two main types of foundation are : Load bearing pile
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation) and
Deep foundation
Note : Under-reamed piles is a
type of load bearing pile
Types of Shallow foundation :
Isolated footing (single footing,
Column footing)
Combined footing
Types of Deep foundation :
o Pile foundation
o Pier foundation
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Foundation…
Shallow foundation (spread
foundation):
Depth of foundation is less than or
equal to its width.
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Foundation…
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
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Foundation…
Isolated footing (single footing, column footing)…
wall footing
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Foundation…
Combined footing:
Size of footing :
The area of footing can be determined from the actual external
loads, such that the allowable soil pressure is not exceeded.
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Foundation…
Pile :
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Foundation…
Pile caps are thick slabs used to
tie a group of piles together to
support and transmit column
loads to the piles.
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Foundation…
Deep foundation :
Deep foundation consists of pile and
pier foundations.
This consists in carrying down
through the soil a huge masonry
cylinder which may be supported by
the sides of soil or may be supported
on solid rock (hard stratum).
Pile foundation :
o Pile is an element of construction
used as foundation. It may be driven
in the ground vertically or with
some inclination to transfer the load
safely.
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Foundation…
Pile foundation…
o Loads are supported in two ways.
o If the load is supported by the
effect of friction between the soil
and the pile skin, it is called
friction pile.
o Friction piles may be made of cast
iron, cement concrete, timber,
steel, wrought iron and composite
materials.
o If the load is supported by resting
the pile on a very hard stratum, it
is called load bearing pile. oPiles may be cast-in-situ or
o Load bearing piles are steel sheet precast.
piles, concrete piles and timber oThey may be cased or uncased.
piles.
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Load
Friction Piles
Bearing Pile
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Load bearing pile Friction Pile
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Batter Piles
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Foundation…
Under-reamed piles:
Structures built on expansive soils often crack
due to the differential movement caused by the
alternate swelling and shrinking of soil. Under-
reamed piles provide a satisfactory solution to
the above problem.
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Cast in situ
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Foundation…
The soil near the surface doesn’t have sufficient bearing capacity (weak)
to support the structural loads.
The estimated settlement of the soil exceeds tolerable limits
Differential settlement due to soil variability or non-uniform structural
loads is excessive.
Excavations to construct a shallow foundation on a firm soil are difficult
or expensive.
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Distribution of Soil Pressure
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Artificial methods to improve bearing
capacity of soil
By increasing the depth of foundation.
By draining the sub-soil water.
By compacting the soil.
By confining the soil mass.
By cement grouting.
By injecting chemicals like silicates etc.
a) Drilling through wet or caving soils may need use of temporary steel
casing. May also require the use of a tremie & a pump to dewater the hole
& place concrete. This is more expensive and require a large diameter hole.
b) For the purpose of reinforcing, it’s difficult to get bars to the full depth of
the pier with the proper concrete cover in deep holes. Use centralizes. Use
large diameter bars versus more bars.
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c) Don’t leave holes open for any length of time even in dry condition. Have
concrete on site and fill right after drilling and cleaning.
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Foundation…
Videos and Animations
1. Basement forming
2. Foundation
3. Types of foundation
4. Pile foundation
5. Sheet piling
6. Raft foundation
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TYPES OF PILES
Concrete Piles
Steel Piles
i) H-Piles ii) Cylindrical piles iii) Tapered piles
Timber Piles
Composite Piles
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TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
a) Displacement Piles
It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as pile
shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
b) Non Displacement Piles (Replacement piles)
It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
Displacement Pile Non Displacement pile
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METHOD OF INSTALLATION
Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
- commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles
Diesel Hammers
-Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil
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Pile installation using Drop Hammer 31
Pile Driving Rig - temporarily support the pile that being
driven and to support the pile hammer.
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Jacking Method Of Insertion
Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures
By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be inserted and
jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing structure as a
reaction.
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NON DISPLACEMENT PILES
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Thank You
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