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Chapter 4 Slide Show
Chapter 4 Slide Show
Chapter 4
Themes
• DNA and RNA—The Nucleic Acids
• Genes and Their Action
4-2
DNA: A Polymer of Deoxynucleotides
Adenine NH2
N C
C N
Figure 4.1a
• Each nucleotide consists of HC
N
H
C
N
CH
Deoxyribose
– One phosphate group OH
H H H H
O
• Purines: double ring
N
NH2 Purines CH
N C C
CH
C C HN C NH
N C NH
C N
• Pyrimidines: single ring C
H
N
NH2
T
C
A
– Always pairs 1 purine to 1 pyrimidine
G
A
C
T – Hydrogen bonds
C G
Hydrogen
bonds A T • Law of complementary base pairing
– one strand determines the base
T
G C
sequence of other
T A
G C
Sugar–phosphate
Figure 4.2 backbone
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4-4
What Is a Gene?
4-5
Figure 3.34 Simplified scheme of information flow from the DNA gene to mRNA to protein structure during
transcription and translation.
Nuclear
envelope
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Nuclear
pores
Ribosome
Translation
Polypeptide
Golgi
complex
Rough ER
Figure 4.11
Lysosome
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4-7
Genes are turned on or off as needed
Prolactin 1 Casein
7
Prolactin
receptors Exocytosis
Ex: Lactation
Secretory
1. Prolactin binds to receptors- ATP Vesicles
nucleus
3. RNA Pol binds casein gene and Regulatory
transcribes it protein
(transcription
activator)
4. The casein mRNA is translated
5
5. Golgi complex packages it 3
6. Casein is released by 4
mRNA
exocytosis; used to make milk for casein
Casein RNA
gene polymerase
Figure 4.12
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Synthesizing Compounds Other Than Proteins
4-9
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reproduction or display.
Interstitial cell of testis
DNA
1
When testosterone is
needed, luteinizing
DNA codes for mRNA
hormone stimulates (transcription).
production of a 2nd
From pituitary 3
messenger within the
cell.
mRNA
2
In the cytoplasm, mRNA codes
Translation for the synthesis of an enzyme
2nd
messenger (translation).
Luteinizing Enzyme
hormone
CH3 4 The 2nd messenger activates the dormant
enzyme. OH
CH3
CH3
Activated
enzyme
Secreted
5 Testosterone is
HO
The enzyme 6
Cholesterol converts O secreted from the
Testosterone cell and exerts
cholesterol various anatomical,
to testosterone. physiological, and
behavioral effects.
Cell Cycle: From 1 Division to the Next
• Interphase: Time between divisions
– G1 phase: The first gap phase
• Accumulates materials needed to
replicate DNA
– S phase: Synthesis phase
• DNA replication occurs G2
Second gap phase
G1
First gap phase
Growth and preparation Growth and normal
• Duplicates centrioles for mitosis metabolic roles
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4-11
4-12
Cell Division:
M phase (Mitotic phase)
Cytokinesis
• Type of cell division in all body cells except eggs & sperm
(Meiosis)
• Functions of mitosis
– Development of the individual from one
fertilized egg to ~ 40 trillion cells
– Growth
G2 G1
– Replacement of cells that die Second gap phase
Growth and preparation
First gap phase
Growth and normal
for mitosis metabolic roles
– Repair of damaged tissues
• Four phases
S
Synthesis phase
DNA
replication
4-13
The Timing of Cell Division
4-14
Cancer
• Benign tumor
– Slow growth; contained in fibrous capsule; will not
metastasize; usually easy to treat
• Malignant tumor
– Fast growing
– Capable of metastasis: Giving off cells that seed the
growth of multiple tumors elsewhere
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• Expected Learning Outcomes
– Describe the structure of DNA and relate this to its
function.
– Explain how DNA and proteins are organized to form the
chromosomes.
– Describe the types of RNA, their structural and functional
differences, and how they compare with DNA.
– Give a working definition of the gene.
– Define genetic code and describe how DNA codes for
protein structure.
– Understand terms base triplets, codon, anticodon,
nucelosome, histone proteins, chromosome, sister
chromatids
– Describe ways a gene can be turned on or off.
– Explain benign and malignant cancer, causes and effects
4-16