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8 DWDM
8 DWDM
Multiplexing
TX Optical
RX
fiber
New
Optical Fiber TX/RX
required
Data Channel (Bit Rate =
x)
TX Optical RX
fiber
Limitations of TDM Technology
Regenerators
LTE LTE
LTE LTE
LTE LTE
LTE LTE
40 Gbps (4 x 10 Gbps)
Capacity
Limitations of TDM Technology
Wavelength (nm)
channel
OSC 1528.77 nm – 1540.56 nm –( band) OSC
1510 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1625
Wavelength (nm)
Wavelength grid
1 1528.77 nm 1 1547.72 nm
2 1529.55 nm 2 1548.51 nm
3 1530.33 nm 3 1549.32 nm
4 1531.12 nm 4 1550.12 nm
5 1531.90 nm 5 1550.92 nm
6 1532.68 nm 6 1551.72 nm
7 1533.47 nm 7 1552.52 nm
8 1534.25 nm 8 1553.33 nm
9 1535.04 nm 9 1554.13 nm
10 1535.82 nm 10 1554.94 nm
11 1536.61 nm 11 1555.75 nm
12 1537.40 nm 12 1556.55 nm
13 1538.19 nm 13 1557.36 nm
14 1538.98 nm 14 1558.17 nm
15 1539.77 nm 15 1558.98 nm
16 1540.56 nm 16 1559.79 nm
Wavelength spacing
40-Channels, 100 GHz Spacing
1528.77 nm 1562.23 nm
1528.77 1562.23 nm
nm
191.9THz
196.1 THz
DWDM Types
• Unidirectional
– More popular
– Ideal for high capacity growth
• Bidirectional system
– Ideal when there are fiber constraints
– Unsuitable for large capacity
Transponder Based DWDM
• Transponder is a device that performs an
optical-electrical-optical conversion to a
specific wavelength
• Allows the input of any wavelength to
DWDM
• Allows better performance due to control
of input power, dispersion matching of
transmitters, allows use of non-ITU grid
• Better for wavelength leasing, as
customer can send any wavelength and
any wavelength pipe in the network can be
used, requires a bit-rate flexible
transponder
Transponders
1310nm 1530nm
Any 1550nm 1540nm Any one
wavelength wavelength
1310nm 1550nm
from 1300- from ITU-grid
1600nm 1560nm
1600nm
Transponders
(Wavelength Translators)
OADM
Transponders in
Terminal Transponders in
OADM
Types of Transponders
• Protocol specific transponders
– SONET, GigE Transponders available
• Transponders with open interfaces
– Protocol independent, hence flexibility
of application
– Incoming signals transparently
transported over DWDM
– Does not take care of OAM & P
Functionality provided in protocols
like SONET
Types of Transponders
• FEC Transponders
– Suitable for error prone links,
systems
• High Dispersion Tolerant
Transponders
– Uses narrow pulse width laser /
modulation
– Used to increase tolerance to
dispersion
DWDM - Non-Transponder Based
• Non-transponder system have the light
wave system transmitter directly input to
the DWDM
• Cheaper than transponder based
systems, do not have to buy the
transmitter twice (once in LTE and once
in DWDM)
• Requires LTE to be equipped with laser
TX of the exact wavelength
• More flexible for wavelength leasing, as
long as customer supplies proper
wavelength can use any bit-rate any
protocol
Active vs. Passive WDM
Wavelengths Wavelengths
Backbone Link With OADM
Add/Drop Ports
OXC
Add/Drop Ports
Optical Systems
WDM Systems
• 3R Compensators
• Optical Amplifiers
• Optical Add/Drop Multiplexers
• Optical Cross Connects
3R - Regeneration
3R regeneration means:
First R :Re-amplification
Second 2R: R + Re-shaping
Third 3R :2R + Re-timing
3R Regenerators
These Regeneration done by
R- Done by Optical amplifiers
2R- Done by dispersion compensation or
OEO
3R- By using PLL and optical clock
recovery
Dispersion Compensation Modules
Purpose of DCM
• Dispersion is the function of the length of
the optical fiber and thus with respect of
the length it increases
• This accumulated dispersion lead to ISI
and the loss of the data in the
transmission
• To overcome this accumulated dispersion
and increase the length of the
transmission we need a module called
Dispersion Compensating Module (DCM)
• DCM generally consist of optical elements
having high negative dispersion
coefficient
Dispersion Compensation Module
Tx Rx
Receiver Sensitivity
Link Length
In Line Amplifier
ILA
Pre and Post Amplifiers
ILA
Bidirectional System
ILA
– WDM coupler
– Isolators
Configuration of EDFA
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
1528.77 nm 1562.23 nm
OADM
ATM ATM IP IP
Terminal
OADM OADM
OADM
Terminal
OADM
OADM
Typical DWDM Networks
Termi
nal
Site A Termin
O O
AD AD al
M M Regenera
tor Termin
al
Termi
nal
Site B O O
AD AD
M M
Cross Connecting DWDM
Networks
OADM OADM
Terminal
Terminal
OXC
OAD
OAD
Terminal
Terminal
OADM
SONET
SONET ADM
ADM
SONET
ADM
OADM
OADM
Terminal
OADM
OADM ILA
Physical Ring, Logical Star
SONET
ADM
SONET
Terminal
ADM Terminal
SONET
ADM
SONET
ADM
OADM
SONET
TM
Terminal
Terminal
SONET
ADM
OADM
SONET
ADM
Propagation Velocity
Material Index of Velocity of
(fraction of speed of
refraction signal (km/s)
light in a vacuum)
Not significant
effect at OC-
48
Significant at
OC-192
Polarization Mode Dispersion
• Kerr Effects
– FWM
– SPM
– XPM
• Scattering effects
– Stimulated Raman Scattering
– Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
Non-linear Effects
Kerr Effects
ns
i o Lim
it at ita
t io
m ns
Li Channel Spacing Power Output
f213 f332
f123 f312 f321
Optical
frequency
f1 f2 f3
Optical
frequency
Energy
Level
LW
Emission
SW Source Residue
Emission
Time
Stimulated Raman Scattering
(contd.)
• Short wavelength stimulates long wavelength
emission
• If the long wavelength emission falls within
the usable signal spectrum cross talk will
occur
• Cross talk becomes significant when source
power crosses a threshold
• Example: In a 10 channel system with a
channel spacing of 1.3THz, the max power
per channel is 3 mw
• In Raman amplification the short wavelength
source acts as a pump
Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
(SBS)
• Similar to Raman Scattering, but
stimulated emission is in a lower
wavelength
• SBS limits the total power that can be
injected into a single-mode fiber
• High capacity DWDM systems will have
high power output, which can lead to
SBS
• Using special modulation of signal light,
SBS threshold can be raised
SPM: Self Phase Modulation