Cla s s Insecta

Group 2:
CALMA, DE LOS SANTOS, DELFIN, DEMONTAÑO
Head Lice
Pediculus humanus capitis
Biology of Organism
• Small, wingless, dorsoventrally flattened
ectoparasite
• 3 body parts: head, thorax and abdomen
• Head: two antennae
• Thorax: six legs arranged in three bilateral
pairs
• Abdomen: segmented
• Average length: 1-2mm. Female head lice are
generally larger than males.
• Mode of feeding – solenophage
• Its average life span is 30 days.
Life Cycle
1. Eggs: Nits are head lice eggs laid by the adult female (No. 1). They
are 0.8 mm by 0.3 mm, oval and usually yellow to white. Nits take
about 1 week to hatch. Viable eggs are usually located within 6 mm of
the scalp.

2. Nymphs: The egg hatches to release a nymph (No. 2). The nit shell
then becomes a more visible dull yellow and remains attached to the
hair shaft. The nymph is about the size of a pinhead. Nymphs mature
after three molts (No. 3, No. 4) and become adults about 7 days after
hatching.

3. Adults: The adult louse is about the size of a sesame seed, has 6
legs (each with claws), and is tan to grayish-white (No.5). Females can
lay up to 8 nits per day. Adult lice can live up to 30 days on a person’s
head. To live, adult lice need to feed on blood several times daily.
Without blood meals, the louse will die within 1 to 2 days off the host.
 Pediculosis
 An infestation of the hairy parts of the body or
clothing with the eggs, larvae or adults of lice.
 A louse injects saliva into the host while feeding to
prevent blood from clotting. This can result in an
allergic, itching sensation for the host. Scratching the
irritated skin can lead to a secondary bacterial
infection. Apart from this, head lice do not transmit
disease, and they are not dangerous.
 Head lice or nits are often found near the neckline at
the back of the head and behind the ears. Less
commonly, they may appear on the eyelashes or
eyebrows.
Treatment & Prevention
 Contacts. All infested individuals should be treated. Clothing, bedding, and fomites should be
machine-washed. Other items can be decontaminated with insecticidal powders.
 Causes of Therapeutic Failure. Misunderstanding of instructions; noncompliance;
inappropriate instructions on head-lice products or from health professionals; failure to retreat;
reinfestation; live eggs not removed; acquired resistance to insecticides.
 Removal of Nits. After treatment and neutral shampoo, the hair is wet-combed with a fine-
toothed comb to remove nits.
 Pediculosis Palpebrarum. Apply petrolatum to lashes twice daily for 8 days, followed by
removal of nits, or physostigmine ophthalmic preparations applied twice daily for 1 or 2 days.
 Secondary Bacterial Infection. Should be treated with appropriate doses of erythromycin or
dicloxacillin or cephalexin.
Body Lice
Pediculus humanus corporis
Biology of Organism
• Indistinguishable in appearance from Pediculus
humanus capitis
• Attaches their eggs to clothes
• Female lice is capable of producing 300 or more eggs
during her life span.
• Average production rate of eggs is 10 in a day. These
eggs need the temperature to be within 75 degrees to
100 degrees Fahrenheit.
• Body lice can live up to 60 days but will die within a
week after they are separated from their host.
• The most significant difference between body and
head lice is the distinct ability of body lice to transmit
the bacterial diseases of trench fever, relapsing fever,
and epidemic typhus to humans.
Life Cycle
1. Eggs: Nits are oval and usually yellow to white in color. Body lice nits
may take 1-2 weeks to hatch

2. Nymphs: is an immature lice that hatches from the egg. A nymph

looks like an adult body lice, but is smaller. Nymphs mature into adults
about 9-12 days after hatching. Must feed on blood to survive.

3. Adults: about the size of a sesame seed (2.5-3.5 mm), has 6 legs,
and is tan to greyish-white. Females lay eggs. Must feed on blood to
live. Lice dies if they are separated rom their host.
 Pediculosis corporis
 Is a cutaneous condition caused by body lice that lay
their eggs in the seams of clothing
 During feeding, body lice pierce the skin, inject a
salivary anticoagulant, and then suck the blood meal
into their digestive tract.
 Bites of body louse can produce a variety of skin
lesions, and severe pruritus thought to be due to an
allergic and/or inflammatory reaction to the louse
saliva.
 Intense scratching of pruritic bites can result in skin
excoriation, potentially leading to significant
secondary bacterial infection.
Treatment & Prevention
 Hygiene. Clothing, bedding, and towels used by the infested person should be laundered
using hot water (130°F or 54°C).
 Pediculicide. A medicine that can kill lice.
 Delousing. Can be achieved by boiling all clothes and bedding, or washing them at high
temperature (130°F or 54°C) for 5 minutes. Leaving the clothes unwashed, but unworn for
a full week, also results in the death of lice and eggs.
PUBIC LICE
“crabs”
Pthirus pubis
 Biology of Organism
 Are small lice that live on pubic hair of
men and women.
 Live in three forms namely egg, nymph
and adult.
 Eggs are oval in shape and are found
attached to the genital hair firmly.
 An adult pubic louse looks very much like
a crab having six legs with two large
front legs.
 They are grayish white or yellow in color.
 Females are generally bigger than male
louse.
LIFE CYCLE
Three stages: egg, nymph and adult.
Eggs (nits) are laid on a hair shaft.
Females will lay approximately 30 eggs
during their 3–4 week life span.
Eggs hatch after about a week and
become nymphs, which look like smaller
versions of the adults.
The nymphs undergo three molts before
becoming adults
Adults are 1.5–2.0 mm long and flattened.
They are much broader in comparison to
head and body lice. Adults are found only
on the human host and require human
blood to survive.
 Pediculosis pubis
- - A disease caused by the pubic louse, Pthirus pubis, a parasitic
insect notorious for infesting human pubic hair.
- - The species may also live on other areas with hair, including
the eyelashes, causing pediculosis ciliaris. Infestation usually
leads to intense itching in the pubic area.
- - The main symptom is itching, usually in the pubic-hair area,
resulting from hypersensitivity to louse saliva, which can become
stronger over two or more weeks following initial infestation.
  The cure for crabs STD is fairly straightforward. You can either see a
doctor and get a prescribed medication or go for the over-the-counter
options.
 Crabs medication comes in the form of shampoos, gels, mousses, and
foam. Their main ingredient is permethrin.
 It is very important that you and your partner should be treated for
TREATMENT crabs at the same time. If you have multiple partners, all of you need to
be treated at the same time otherwise you can pass it back and forth to

AND one another.

 Lindane – An extremely toxic product meant to treat crabs, Lindane is
PREVENTION applied to the affected are only for 2-4 minutes and then rinsed off.
Lindane is not meant to be used by pregnant women or breastfeeding
mothers. It should be used on infants either.
 Ivermectin – Known by the brand name Stromectol, it is an oral
medication of 2-pill dosage. You might be prescribed a follow-up dose
after 10 days.
 Malathion – Known by the brand name Ovide, it is a topical lotion
meant to be applied onto the affected area for 8-12 hours
Bed Bugs
Cimidae
 Biology of Organism
 *Unfed bed bugs are flat and
broad-oval. Fed bed bugs become
swollen and elongated
 *Adult bed bugs can reach a size
of about 1/4 inch long. Nymphs
range from 1.3 mm to 4-5 mm.
 * Bed Bugs feed on blood
 *They feed by inserting two
hollow, beak-like feeding tubes
into their host
 *The average life span of a bed
bug most commonly ranges from
four to six months
 Life Cycle
 • After mating, females lay white, oval
eggs (1/16" long) into cracks and crevices.

 • An individual bed bug can lay 200 to

250 eggs in her lifetime.

 • The eggs hatch in 6 to 10 days and

the newly emerged nymphs seek a blood
meal.

 • Immature nymphs molt five times

(they shed their outer exoskeleton) before
reaching adulthood.

 • There may be three or more

generations per year. All ages are found in a
reproducing population.

 • Under normal circumstances adult

bed bugs will live for about 2 to 4 months.
 Studies and lab tests have proven that bed bugs can
spread Chagas diseases. Although such a spread
hasn’t been documented yet, the risk is always there.
Chaga’s
Additionally, bed bugs also carry more than 40
dangerous pathogens in their gut. Accidental contact
Disease
of these pathogens through open wounds is always a
possibility.
 Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and includes:
•topical creams, such as cortisone, to relieve itching

Treatm •an oral antibiotic, if infection occurs because of skin irritation around
the bite
ent and •corticosteroids, if a person has a severe allergic reaction

Prevent •antihistamines, to help relieve allergic reactions

ion Most bites heal within 1 and 2 weeks of occurrence.