CEE 468

Industrial Electronics
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 PART 7
DC-DC Converters
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Introduction
 Modern electronic systems require high-quality,
small, lightweight, reliable, and efficient power
supplies.

 Linear power regulators, whose principle of

operation is based on a voltage or current
divider, are inefficient.

 This is because they are limited to output

voltages smaller than the input voltage, and also
their power density is low because they require
low frequency (50 or 60 Hz) line transformers
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and filters.
Introduction
 The functions of dc-dc converters are:

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 The step-down dc-dc converter, commonly known as a
buck converter, is shown in Fig. 13.4a.
 It consists of dc input voltage source VS, controlled switch
S, diode D, filter inductor L, filter capacitor C, and load
resistance R.

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 Typical waveforms in the converter are shown in Fig. 13.4b
under the assumption that the inductor current is always
positive.
(called the continuous conduction
Mode (CCM))

duty ratio D is:

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 It can be seen from the circuit that when the switch S is
commanded to the on state, the diode D is reverse-biased.

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 When the switch S is off, the diode conducts to support an
uninterrupted current in the inductor.

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 According to Faraday’s law, the inductor volt-second
product over a period of steady-state operation is zero. For
the buck converter

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 Hence, the dc voltage transfer function, defined as the ratio
of the output voltage to the input voltage, is

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 For the buck converter, the value of the filter inductance
that determines the boundary between CCM and DCM is
given by

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 For the buck converter, the value of the filter inductance
that determines the boundary between CCM and DCM is
given by

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Step-Down (Buck) Converter
 To limit the peak-to-peak value of the ripple voltage below
a certain value Vr , the filter capacitance C must be greater
than

 Equations (13.5) and (13.6) are the key design equations

for the buck converter.

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Push-Pull Converter
 The PWM dc-dc push-pull converter is shown in Fig. 13.6.
 The switches S1 and S2 operate shifted in phase by T/2
with the same duty ratio D, however, the duty ratio must
be smaller than 0.5.

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Push-Pull Converter
 When switch S1 is on, diode D1 conducts and diode D2 is
off; the diode states are reversed when switch S2 is on.
 When both controllable switches are off, the diodes are on
and share equally the filter inductor current.

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Push-Pull Converter
 When switch S1 is on, diode D1 conducts and diode D2 is
off; the diode states are reversed when switch S2 is on.
 When both controllable switches are off, the diodes are on
and share equally the filter inductor current.

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Push-Pull Converter
 The dc voltage transfer function of the push-pull converter
is

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter
 Figure 13.9a depicts a step-up or a PWM boost converter. It
consists of dc input voltage source VS, boost inductor L,
controlled switch S, diode D, filter capacitor C, and load
resistance R.

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter
 The converter waveforms
in the CCM are presented in
Fig. 13.9b.

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter
 When the switch S is in
the on state, the current
in the boost inductor
increases linearly and the
diode D is off at that time.

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter
 When the switch S is
turned off, the energy
stored in the inductor is
released through the
diode to the output RC
circuit.

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter

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Step-Up (Boost) Converter
 The minimum value of the filter capacitance that results in the
voltage ripple Vr is given by

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