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Hse Kel 2
Hse Kel 2
Hse Kel 2
KELOMPOK 2
Afianto Suryo
Hasan
Scheme :
For liquid discharges, Eq. 2.10 applies. The 2-K method will be
used to determine the frictional components. Points 1 and 2
denote the initial and final reference points.
ASSUMED DATA
Applying these assumptions, Ws = 0 & v1 = 0 and multiplied with gc, Eq. 2.10
reduces to
SOLUTION
2. For Nre > 10.000 in page 27 the excess head loss for the fluid entering the
hole is Kf = 0,5. For the exit, Kf = 0,1. Thus, ∑Kf = 1,5 and from Eq. 2.2 page
22
SOLUTION
3. The hole area is
Consider again Example 1. A stream of liquid discharging from a hole in a tank will
stream out of the tank and impact the ground at some distance away from the tank.
In some case the ;iquid stream could shoot over any diking designed to contanin the
liquid.
a.) If a hole is 3 m above the ground, how far will the stream of liwuid shoot away
from the tank?
b.) At what point on the tank will the maximum discharge distance occur? What is this
distance?
3m
SOLUTION (A)
Diketahui :
h=3m
g = 9.8 m/s2
2 𝑥 3𝑚
= 9,8 𝑚/𝑠2
= 0,7824 s
Kecepatan keluar dari lubang ( v2 ) yakni sebesar 5,7 m/s
Kecepatan didapatkan dari persamaan 2.10
𝑃2−𝑃1 𝑔 1 𝑊𝑠
+𝑔𝑐 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + 2𝑔𝑐 (v22- v12)+σ 𝑒𝑓 + =0
𝜌 𝑚ሶ
1 1,5
• - 20,4 - 19,6 + v22 + v22 =0
2 2
5
• - 40 = - v22
4
• v2 = 5,7 m/s
Untuk menentukan jarak dari cairan mengenai
permukaan tanah menggunakan persamaan
kecepatan GLB
s = v2.t
= 5,7 m/s x 0,7824 s
= 4,46 m
𝑷𝟐−𝑷𝟏 𝒈 𝟏 𝑾𝒔
+ 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 + (v22- v12)+σ 𝒆𝒇 + =0
𝝆 𝒈𝒄 𝟐𝒈𝒄 𝒎ሶ
Substitusi ke Persamaan
s = v2.t dan t = 𝟐𝒉/𝒈
1 𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔
ℎ= 𝐻+
2 𝑔𝜌
Untuk mencapai jarak maksimum,
1 𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔
t = 2ℎ/𝑔 dan ℎ = 𝐻+
2 𝑔𝜌
Disubtitusi ke persamaan
s = v2.t
sehingga didapatkan
𝐻 + (𝑔𝑐 𝑃𝑔 /𝑔𝜌)
𝑠=
1 + Σ𝐾𝑓
Untuk menentukan posisi lubang sehingga jarak
horizontal yang diperoleh maksimum, maka
digunakan rumus:
𝒎
𝒌𝒈 𝟐 𝑵/𝒎𝟐
𝟏 𝒔 × 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂 × 𝟏
𝟏 𝑵 𝑷𝒂
𝒉= 𝟓+ = 𝟑, 𝟓𝟒 𝐦
𝟐 𝒎 𝒌𝒈
𝟗, 𝟖 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟗𝟎 𝟑
𝒔 𝒎
Untuk menentukan jarak terjauh dari posisi lubang
tersebut menggunakan rumus:
𝟕, 𝟎𝟖 𝒎
𝒔= = 𝟒, 𝟒𝟖 𝒎
𝟐, 𝟓
EXAMPLE 3
Figure 2.11 shows a transfer system between two tanks. The system is used to transfer a
hazardous liquid. The pipe is commercial steel pipe with an internal diameter of 100-mm with a
total length of 10 m. the piping system contains two standard, flanged 90o elbows and a
standard, full-line gate valve. A 3-kW pump with an efficiency of 70% assist with the liquid
transfer. The maximum fluid height in the supply tank is 3 m, and the elevation change
between the two tanks is as shown in Figure 2.11.
Data : Fluid density (ρ) = 1600 kg/m3
Fluid viscosity (μ) = 1.8 x 10-3 kg/m.s
Data yang digunakan :
Fittings
Dari tabel diperoleh :
Fittings Number K1 K-infinitely
Exit 1 0 1
HASIL PERHITUNGAN
Elbows
𝐾1 25.4 800 25.4
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 (1 + 𝐼𝐷 ) x 2 = 687702 + 0.25 (1 + 100 ) x 2 = 0.6299
𝑅𝑒 𝑚𝑚
Valves
𝐾1 25.4 300 25.4
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 1 + 𝐼𝐷 = 687702 + 0.1 (1 + 100 ) = 0.126
𝑅𝑒 𝑚𝑚
Inlet
𝐾1 160
Kf = 𝑁 + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 = 687702 + 0.5 = 0.500
𝑅𝑒
Exit
𝐾1 0
Kf = + 𝐾𝑖𝑛 = +1 = 1.000
𝑁
𝑅𝑒 687702
Pipe
4𝑓𝐿 4 𝑥 0.0043 𝑥 10
Kf = = = 1.718
𝐷 0.1
Total = 3.974
Sehingga dapat disimpulkan :
Elbows = 0,628
Valves = 0,126
Inlet = 0,500
Exit = 1,000
Pipe = 1,720
TOTAL = 3,974
Mechanical Energy Balance Terms
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 𝟎−𝟎
Pressure = = = 0.00
𝝆 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
Height = g (z2 – z1) = 9.8 (0-13) = -127.49
Point 1 velocity = 0.00
𝒗𝟐 (𝟕.𝟕𝟒)𝟐
Fittings / Pipe =𝑲𝒇 𝒙 ( ) =3.974 𝒙 ( ) =118.92
𝟐 𝟐
𝑾𝒔 𝑾𝒔 −𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟎
Pump = = = = -21.60
ṁ 𝝆 𝒙 𝒗𝟐 𝒙 𝑨 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟕.𝟕𝟒 𝒙 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟕𝟗
Total = -30.17
Dengan Trial and Error diperoleh
Calculated Discharge Velocity = 7.77 m/s
Velocity difference = -0.03 m/s
Resulting mass discharge rate = 97.61 kg/s
EXAMPLE 4
(𝒌+𝟏)/(𝒌−𝟏)
𝒌𝒈𝒄 𝑴 𝟐
𝒎 = 𝑪𝑫𝑨𝑷𝟏
𝑹𝒈 𝑻𝟏 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒌𝒈
(𝟏, 𝟏𝟓)(𝟒𝟒 )(𝟎, 𝟑𝟓𝟓)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 𝟕, 𝟖𝟓𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
(𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝑷𝒂 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝑲)(𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
The upstream gas Density
𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏. 𝑴 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑷𝒂 (𝟒𝟒 )
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝝆𝟏 = = = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎 𝐤𝐠𝐦𝟑
𝑹𝒈. 𝑻 𝒎𝟑
(𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝑷𝒂 )(𝟐𝟗𝟖𝑲)
𝒌𝒈𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝑲
𝑘𝑔
2 8,90 𝑥 (2,88 𝑏𝑎𝑟)
𝑚3
𝑚 = 0,614 7,85 𝑥 10−5 𝑚2
1,5
𝑚 = 0,086 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
EXAMPLE 5
Condition :
- Ptank : 20 bar gauge
- Pamb : 0 bar gauge
N2 - T : 298 K
- a + b : 10 m
- d pipa : 5 mm
- Elbow : standard threated 90 o (4 buah)
- Valve : fully open
a - Fase : gas
v?
b
Ditanyakan :
Laju alir massa nitrogen saat keluar dengan
menggunakan 2 metode
1.Menggunakan persamaan orifice discharge
dan asumsikan ukuran lubang sama dengan
diameter pipa
2.Menggunakan adiabatic flow model
Metode 1 : Persamaan Orifice Discharge
• Asumsi discharge koefisien, CD = 0,85
• Menghitung luas area pipa
𝝅 × 𝑫𝟐 𝝅 × (𝟓𝒎𝒎)𝟐
𝑨= = = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
• Menghitung nilai x
(𝒌+𝟏) 𝟐,𝟒
𝟐 (𝒌−𝟏) 𝟐 𝟎,𝟒
𝒙= = = 𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟒
𝒌+𝟏 𝟐, 𝟒
• Menghitung laju alir massa keluar
𝒌+𝟏
𝒌 𝒈𝒄 𝑴 𝟐 𝒌−𝟏
𝒎𝒄𝒉𝒐𝒌𝒆𝒅 = 𝑪𝑫 . 𝑨 . 𝑷𝟏
𝑹𝒈 𝑻𝟏 𝒌 + 𝟏
𝒎𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒈𝒆𝒏 𝒌𝒆𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒓
𝟐𝟖𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝟏, 𝟒 (𝟎, 𝟑𝟑𝟒)
𝒌𝒈
= 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 (𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 . 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐 𝟔
𝟐, 𝟏 . 𝟏𝟎 𝑷𝒂 √
𝑷𝒂 . 𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 (𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑲
= 𝟎, 𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis
Untuk steel pipe komersial, diketahui ɛ = 0,046 mm
Sehingga persamaan menjadi
𝝐 𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎
= = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
𝑫 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Asumsi : aliran turbulen yang berkembang seluruhnya
Menghitung Faktor Frikh
𝟏 𝟑, 𝟕
= 𝟒 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟒𝟐
𝒇 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐
𝒇 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏
Energi yang hilang yang berlebih dikarenakan panjang pipa :
𝟒 ×𝒇 × 𝑳 𝟒 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝒎
𝑲𝒇 = = = 𝟕𝟑, 𝟕
𝑫 𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟓𝒎
Pada elbow ekspektasi kecepatan melepas tinggi
𝑲𝒇 = 𝑲∞
Pada tabel 2.4, Kf = 0,4 setiap elbow dan Kf = 0,1 setiap ball valve
Dampak dari gas yang meningalkan pipa Kf = 1
Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis
Menghitung total Kf
Oleh karena itu total Kf :
𝑲𝒇 = 𝟕𝟑, 𝟕 + 𝟒 𝟎, 𝟒 + 𝟐 𝟎, 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟔, 𝟓
𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
= 𝟎, 𝟗𝟏𝟒𝟏
𝑷𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏, 𝟖 𝒃𝒂𝒓
Mencari densitas pada kondisi upstream dengan faktor ekspansi Y = 0,716
𝒌𝒈
𝑷𝟏 × 𝑴 𝟐, 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂 (𝟐𝟖 )
𝒌𝒈 . 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆
𝝆𝟏 = = = 𝟐𝟑, 𝟕 𝒌𝒈. 𝒎𝟑
𝑹𝒈 × 𝑻 𝑷𝒂 . 𝒎𝟑
𝟖𝟑𝟏𝟒 (𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲)
𝒌𝒈 . 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 . 𝑲
Metode 2 : Model Aliran Adiabatis
𝟐𝟑, 𝟕𝒌𝒈
𝟐 𝟐, 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂 − 𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑷𝒂
𝒎𝟑
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟔 𝟏, 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎𝟐
𝟕𝟔, 𝟓
𝒎 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
Destilat
(C3H8)
C3H8
EXAMPLE 6
T= 298 K
P = 95 bar
gauge
Residu
(C3H8)
𝑵 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏
𝟑, 𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟕 𝒌𝒈
𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑴 = 𝑮𝑬𝑹𝑴 = 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎, 𝟑
𝟎, 𝟎𝟒𝟖 𝟐𝟗𝟖 × 𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟐 𝒔
Menghitung Subcooled Mass Flux (Eq. 2.24)
𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝑪𝑫 . 𝟐. 𝒈𝒄 𝑷 − 𝑷𝒔𝒂𝒕 . 𝝆𝒇
𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎, 𝟖𝟓 𝟐 × 𝟒𝟗𝟎 × 𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟕 × (𝟗𝟓 − 𝟗𝟓൯
𝒌𝒈
𝑮𝑺𝑼𝑩 = 𝟎 𝟐
𝒎 𝒔
𝑮𝟐𝑬𝑹𝑴 𝟖𝟓𝟏𝟎, 𝟑𝟐
𝒎ሶ = 𝑨 𝑮𝟐𝑺𝑼𝑩 + 𝒎ሶ = 𝟏 𝟎𝟐 +
𝑵 𝟎, 𝟎𝟏
𝒌𝒈
𝒎ሶ = 𝟖𝟒𝟔𝟓, 𝟗𝟎
𝒎𝟐 𝒔
Didapatkan data
0 cm 5 cm 10 cm 15 cm
non equilibrium
0,01 0,51 1,01 1,51
parameter
equilibrium mass
8510,30 8510,30 8510,30 8510,30
flux