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L4.2 Product Formation
L4.2 Product Formation
L4.2 Product Formation
Objectives: Lecture 3
• Biosynthetic processes (anabolic)
• Case studies - cholesterol
• Stoichiometry and modeling cellular
requirements
• "You are what you eat"
Stoichiometry
• Provides information on fundamental
constraints
– Substrate conversion to product
– Cell mass from substrate
Yields and yield coefficients
• Mass based = “kg” of this from “kg” of that
• Y (output / input)
• Y x/s
• Y p/s
• Y ATP/O2
• Ratio of rates
• Ratio of yields
• Theoretical = Y
• Observed = Y’
Cell metabolism
Bacterial
dry cell weight Slope = dX/dS
[mg/L] 7 (mg/L) / (g/L)
Glucose [g/L]
Aerobic
Yx/s=58 mg/mol
Bacterial
dry cell weight
[g/L]
Anaerobic
Yx/s=22 mg/mol
Glucose [mM]
Cell composition
Dry weight vs. wet weight
70% of the composition is water
CHxOyNz
Dry weight consists of:
Element E. coli Yeast
C 50% 50%
O 20% 34%
N 14% 8%
H 8% 6%
P 3% 1%
S 1% <1%
K 1% <1%
Na 1% <1%
Others <1% <1%
• In a very simplistic interpretation of
metabolism, the following applies:
CH m O n a O 2 b NH 3
c CH O N d . H 2 O e CO 2
Elemental
Balances
Degree of Reduction
• Case 2: the simple stoichiometry does not apply. The
product formation is not proportional to substrate
utilization or cell mall increase; provides no insight
into the energetics of rxn
• CHmOn + a O2 + b NH3 →
24.6
Yx s
180
g of cells from g of glucose
Lack of information
• Unfortunately, the elemental balances
often do not provide enough information
to completely solve for the stoichiometric
coefficients.
Respiratory quotient
• RQ = YCO2/O2
• Molar basis
– Moles of CO2 produced from moles of O2
• RQ = ?
Degree of reduction
• Electron balance
g = # of available electrons / g of atomic C
g Or, this can be described as:
g = # of available electrons / # of C’s
• b) O2 required