Tension Members

Design of Tension Members
Institute for Steel Development & Growth 1

Introduction
• Applications Purlin
Sag Rod
Rafter
Top chord
Tie
Roof Truss Roof Purlin System
Suspenders
Bracings
Braced Frame
Suspended Building
Tension Members in Buildings
Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Introduction…
• Cross Sections used
Single & Double Angles Channel I-Section

(Joist / Beam)
Star Angles Cable
Rod Built-up Sections

Understanding the tensile
behaviour of steel

Mechanical Properties of Steel
T T
fu High Strength Steel

T
fu
fy
Mild Steel
d
Yield Plateau
fy b
e
c
0.0012
a
0.012 0.15  0.23
0.2%

Simple plate tension members

Tensile strength of members
Gross section Yielding Net Section Rupture Block shear
7
Behaviour in Tension
• Plate σ
fu
fy
0 ε
2 possible Limit States
Yielding
Ultimate (Rupture)
Important:
Yielding of Gross Area

Behaviour in Tension…
• Plate with Hole σ

fu
fy
0 ε
Important: 2 possible Limit States

Yielding
Rupture of Net Area
Ultimate (Rupture)
fy fu
Elastic
Elasto-Plastic Plastic
Design Strategy for Tension
• Gross Area Design Strength Tdg
Tdg = Ag  fy / gm0 (gm0 = 1.10)
• Ag = Gross cross-sectional area
• Net Area Design Strength Tdn fu
Tdn = An  fu / gm1  0.9 (gm1 = 1.25)
• 0.9 factor:: Statistical evaluation of test data

• An = Net area ??
Plastic
Net Area
• Plate with Holes
t
Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech
d b
Net Area An = (b – d)  t
d
g b
Net Area An = (b – 2d)  t

Net Area…

t
d
g b
Net Area An = (b – 2d)

d)  t t
l
t
d
g b
(b – 2d)  t < An < (b – d)  t

An = ??
p

Net Area…

t
d
g
g b
g An = [b – nd + (p2/4g)]  t
p p p p2/4g
for all inclined parts of the section
– All possible failure paths to be investigated

• Minimum net area to be used in design
– Tensile strength

Understanding Block Shear

Block shear
Coped beams Angles Welded plates

Block Shear
• Plates
– More than one bolt line
Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech
1 2
4 3
Shear Planes
Tension Plane
– Bolt shear strength and plate bearing strength

are higher
Design Strategy for Block Shear
• Gross and Net Areas in Tension & Shear
Tensile Strength of Atn

Shear Strength of Avg
Tensile Strength of Atg

Shear Strength of Avn

Design Strategy for Block Shear…
• Block Shear Design Strength Tdb is smaller of
– Avg  (fy / √3) / gm0 + 0.9  Atn  fu / gm1

Gross area in shear + Net area in tension
or
– 0.9  Avn  (fu / √3) / gm1 + Atg  fy / gm0
Net area in shear + Gross area in tension
– Assumption
• When one (either) plane reaches ultimate strength, the
other plane develops full yield

Shear lag in members not
connected by all parts

Non-Uniform Stress
• More stress near restraint
– Less stress near un-restrained / free ends
T/2 T/2 T / Ag

Shear Lag
• Channels
– Both legs connected
Part of cross-section NOT effective

Less Stressed
Gusset Plate
Shear Lag…
• Angles
– Single leg connected
– Eccentrically loaded through gusset plates
Free, Part of cross-section NOT effective

Un-stiffened, Less Stressed
Un-connected end
Gusset Plate

Stress Flow in an angle tension member
Stress
Concentration

Shear lag in angle tension member

Shear Lag…
• Effects of Shear Lag
– Strength reduction
• Part of cross-section ineffective (less stressed)
– Consider in Design
• Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag

– Outstand (unconnected part)
• More outstand – more shear lag
• Thin / slender outstand – more shear lag
– Connection stiffness
• Flexible connection – more shear lag
– Single leg connection versus both leg connection
– One bolt versus multiple bolt connection

Angles in Tension
• Design Strategy
– Yielding of gross section
– Rupture of net section
– Block shear

Bending of Angles under tension
Block shear failure of angles
SE-N3-P

Net section rupture of short leg connected angles
SUE-SL-N4-P SUE-SL-N4-P
Net Section Rupture

Net section rupture of long leg connected angles
SUE-LL-N4-P SUE-LL-N4-P

Mode of Failure of Channel Specimens
End Splitting End Splitting
DC2-N2-P DC2-N3-P
End Splitting End Splitting

SC2-N2-P SC2-N3-P
Stress Distribution at failure for channels
SC2-N2-P SC-N3-P
SC1-N6-R2-1.5P SC1-N6-R2-1.5P*
Angles in Tension…
• Rupture of net section

– Tdn = 0.9 × Anc × fu / gm1 + b × Ago × fy / gm0
• Anc = Net area of the connected leg

• Ago = Gross area of the unconnected leg
• b = reduction factor based on contribution of
unconnected outstand


– Tdn = 0.9 × Anc × fu / gm1 + b × Ago × fy / gm0
 w  fy  bs 
b  1.4  0.076   
 t  fu  Lc 
 fu  g m0 
   
f  g  t t
 y  m1 
 0.7
w w
w1
bs = w + w1 - t bs = w

– Limits of (b × Ago × fy / gm0)
• Upper limit: Ago × fu / gm1

– Full unconnected length rupture
• Lower limit: 0.7 × Ago × fy / gm0

– 70% of unconnected length yielding
 w  f  bs 
b  1.4  0.076  y  
 t  fu  Lc 
 fu  g m0 
   
f  g 
 y  m1 
 0.7
• Block Shear
1 2
4 3
Shear Plane
Tension Plane
Welded Tension Members
• No “Net” Area
– No reduction of area due to bolt holes
• Design strength based on Gross Area only

Threaded Rods in Tension
• Design Strategy
– Yielding of gross section
• Ag × fy / gm0
– Rupture of net section Courtesy:: AISC
• 0.9 × An × fu / gm1
f ≤ fy fy fu
d root
d gross
Elastic Elasto-Plastic Plastic

Member Design in Tension

Stiffness Requirements
• Pretensioned Members (always in tension)
• l/r :: NO LIMIT
• Members under tension only (not always in tension!)

• l/r < 400
• Not designed for compression under stress

reversal (may also be in some compression!!)
• l/r < 350
• Designed for compression under stress

reversal (will also be in compression)
• l/r < 250

Stiffness Requirements…
• Serviceability Limit State

– To control
• Deflection
• Vibration
– To facilitate
• Ease of handling
• Transportation and erection requirements
• Minimization of damage during fabrication
– Do Not affect “Strength” of the member

Design Steps
• Factored Design Force Demand T
• Calculate
– Ag req = Pt / (fy / gm0)
– An req = Pt / (fu / gm1)
• Choose a trial section
• Analyse for its strength Td

– Ensure Td > T (Capacity > Demand)
• Check l/r to be within prescribed limits
• Efficiency h = T / (Ag × fy / gm0)

Summary
• Efficient load carrying members
• Efficiency may reduce due to

– Bolt holes
– Shear lag
– Block shear

IS 800: 2007
• Section 6 (pp 32 – 33)
• 6.1 Tension Members
• 6.2 Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section
• 6.3 Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
• 6.4 Design Strength due to Block Shear

Acknowledgement
Dr S Arul Jayachandran
Associate Professor, Structural Engineering Laboratory
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Madras,
Chennai 600036

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Design of Tension Members

Institute for Steel Development & Growth 1

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Cross Sections used

Single & Double Angles Channel I-Section

Star Angles Cable

Rod Built-up Sections

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

fu High Strength Steel

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth 6

Gross section Yielding Net Section Rupture Block shear

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Plate with Hole σ

Important: 2 possible Limit States

• Ag = Gross cross-sectional area

• Net Area Design Strength Tdn fu

Tdn = An  fu / gm1  0.9 (gm1 = 1.25)

• 0.9 factor:: Statistical evaluation of test data

Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech

Net Area An = (b – 2d)  t

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Plate with Holes

Net Area An = (b – 2d)

(b – 2d)  t < An < (b – d)  t

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Plate with Holes

– All possible failure paths to be investigated

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Coped beams Angles Welded plates

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

– Bolt shear strength and plate bearing strength

Tensile Strength of Atn

Tensile Strength of Atg

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Block Shear Design Strength Tdb is smaller of

– Avg  (fy / √3) / gm0 + 0.9  Atn  fu / gm1

Net area in shear + Gross area in tension

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Part of cross-section NOT effective

Free, Part of cross-section NOT effective

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

End Splitting End Splitting

End Splitting End Splitting

• Rupture of net section

• Anc = Net area of the connected leg

Institute for Steel Development & Growth

• Rupture of net section

• Rupture of net section

• Upper limit: Ago × fu / gm1

• Lower limit: 0.7 × Ago × fy / gm0