PRESENTATION

TOPIC :- Programming in C++

 What is C++
 C++ is a object-oriented language.
 It is the “successor” to C, a procedural
language.
 (the “++” is called the successor operator in C++)
 C was derived from a language called B
which was in turn derived from BCPL
 C++ was developed in the 1970’s
by Dennis Ritchie of AT & T Bell Labs.
 Most of C is a subset of C++
Difference Between C & C++
 C++ is an object oriented programming but C
is a procedure oriented programming.
 C is a super set C++.
 C can’t support inheritance, function
overloading, method overloading etc. but it is
possible in C++.
 In C- program the main function could not
return a value but in C++ should return value.
Advantages
 Integrated with programming language
 Automatic method storage(when available)
 User- defined types
 Complex data readily processed
 Automatic persistent object IDs
 Single-level memory.
 C++ keywords

 Each keyword has a predefined purpose in the language.

 keywords cannot be used as variable and constant names!!.
 bool, break, case, char, const, continue,
do, default, double, else, extern, false,
float, for, if, int, long, namespace,
return, short, static, struct, switch,
typedef, true, unsigned, void, while
General form of a C++ program
// Program description
#include directives
int main()
{
constant declarations
variable declarations
executable statements
return 0;
}
 C++ compiler directives

 Compiler directives appear in blue in Visual C++.

 The #include directive tells the compiler to include some
already existing C++ code in your program.
 The included file is then linked with the program.
 There are two forms of #include statements:
#include <iostream> //for pre-defined files

#include "my_lib.h" //for user-defined files

 C++ identifiers
Identifiers appear in black in Visual C++.
◦ An identifier is a name for a variable, constant, function, etc.
◦ It consists of a letter followed by any sequence of letters, digits, and
underscores.
◦ Examples of valid identifiers: First_name, age, y2000,
y2k
◦ Examples of invalid identifiers: 2000y
◦ Identifiers cannot have special characters in them. For example:
X=Y, J-20, ~Ricky,*Michael are invalid identifiers.
◦ Identifiers are case-sensitive. For example: Hello, hello,
WHOAMI, WhoAmI, whoami are unique identifiers.
 C++ comments
 Comments appear in green in Visual C++.
 Comments are explanatory notes; they are ignored by the
compiler.
 There are two ways to include comments in a program:

// A double slash marks the start of a

//single line comment.

/* A slash followed by an asterisk marks

the start of a multiple line comment. It
ends with an asterisk followed by a
slash. */
 Looping in Programming
 Loops in programming are used to repeat a block of
code. Being able to have your programming repeatedly
execute a block of code is one of the most basic but
useful tasks in programming -- many programming
programs or programming websites that produce
extremely complex output are really only executing a
single task many times. A loop in programming lets
you write a very simple statement to produce a
significantly greater result simply by repetition. We can
create a loop block using for loop,do while loop
,while loop and switch case.
 Data types
 When programming, we store the variables in our
computer's memory, but the computer has to know what
kind of data we want to store in them, since it is not
going to occupy the same amount of memory to store a
simple number than to store a single letter or a large
number, and they are not going to be interpreted the
same way.
 The memory in our computers is organized in bytes. A
byte is the minimum amount of memory that we can
manage in C++. A byte can store a relatively small
amount of data: one single character or a small integer
(generally an integer between 0 and 255). In addition,
the computer can manipulate more complex data types
that come from grouping several bytes, such as long
numbers or non-integer numbers.
NAME DESCRIPTION SIZE RANGE
CHAR character or small integer 1 Byte signed -128 to 127
unsigned 0 to 255
Short int Short Integer 2 bytes signed -32768 to 32768
unsigned 0 to 65535
Int integer 4 bytes signed -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned 0 to 4294967295
Long int long integer 4 bytes signed -2147483648 to
2147483647
unsigned 0 to 4294967295
Bool Boolean value.It can 1 byte true and false
take to or one values
true or false.
Float floating point number 4 bytes +/- 3.4e +/-38(~7 digits)
Double Double precision 8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/-308(~15 digits)
floating point number
Long double Long double precision 8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/-308(~7 digits)
floating point number
Wchar_t wide character. 2 or 4 bytes 1 wide character
 1.Program to find maximum of 10 values stored in
array.
#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{ OUTPUT
int a[10],i,j,m,loc=0; Enter 10 elements of array:
clrscr(); 5
cout<<"enter 10 elements of array:"; 8
for(i=0;i<=9;i++) 2
{ 12
cin>>a[i];
65
}
m=a[0]; 36
for(j=1;j<=9;j++) 98
{ 45
if(a[j]>m) 25
{ 96
m=a[j];
loc=j+1; Max value is: 98
}
Its location is: 7
}
cout<<"max value is:"<<m;
cout<<“Its location is:"<<loc;
getch();
}
#include<iostream.h> 4.program to find smallest of 10 values stored in an
#include<conio.h> array.
class smallest {
public:
int a[10],j,min;
int calculate_smallest()
{
cout<<"enter 10 elements of array:";
for(int i=0;i<=9;i++)
{
cin>>a[i]; OUTPUT
}
Enter 10 elements of array:
min=a[0]; //0th element is set as minimum values
for(j=1;j<=9;j++) -5
{ 8
if(a[j]<min) 2
{
min=a[j];
12
}} 65
return min; 36
}
98
}
void main() { 45
int min1; 25
clrscr(); 96
smallest s1;
min1=s1.calculate_smallest();
cout<<“Smallest of ten values is:"<<min1; Smallest of ten values is: -5
getch();
}