Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Citation& References: We Are Here To Assist
Citation& References: We Are Here To Assist
Citation& References: We Are Here To Assist
2
Example of citation for book
Year of
Author Edition Title
Publication
Place of
Publication Publisher
CITATION
4
The APA style includes three kinds of information in in-text citations.
• Take names from the first page of an article or from the title
page of a book.
• Authors’ or creditors names are listed in the order in which
they appear (not alphabetical order), and initials are used
instead of first or middle names.
• Authors are listed with the last name first, followed by a
comma and the initials of the authors.
• The names of group, institutional, or organizational authors
are spelled out completely.
American Psychological Association
PUBLICATION DATES
TITLES
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Translator
Edition number
Volume number
Issue number (if journal is paginated separately by issue)
Inclusive pages
American Psychological Association
FACTS OF PUBLICATION
RETRIEVAL INFORMATION
• Within a paragraph, omit • Cite name(s) in first and all • Use initials even if the years
the year in citations after subsequent citations are different
the first one if no confusion • (Adkins & Singh, 2001) • D. Baldwin (2001) and M. L.
with other studies will • Adkins and Singh (2001) Baldwin (1999)
result
• Fisher (1999)
administered a
questionnaire … Fisher's
results indicated…
• [new paragraph] The
questionnaire administered A source with 6 or more Sources with 2 or more 6-
by Fisher (1999) was used authors author groups with same
by… first surname
• Use the first author’s name
A source with 3 - 5 • If 2 or more 6-author
followed by et al. in all
authors citations groups shorten to the same
• 6 authors: (Utley et al., surname, cite the surnames
• In all citations after the
2001) of as many subsequent
first, use the first author’s
name followed by et al. • 7 authors : (Yawn et al., authors as needed to
• First citation : (Baldwin, 2001) distinguish refereences
Bevan & Beshalke, 2000) • [Note: In the reference list, • (Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001)
• Subsequent citation : use of et al. Begins with 7 • (Balwin, Bevan et al., 2000)
(Baldwin et al., 2000) author-author references.]
Parenthetical Citations
American Psychological Association :
A source with no author
• Use the first few words of the title – in quotation marks for
article or chapter, in italics for self-contained item
• (“Mad Cow,” 2001)
• (Sleep Medicine, 2001)
2. Representative Use e.g. (for Sample The need for more effective
works Citation) before prevention of mental illness in
parenthetical children has been the focus of
citations many reports (e.g. National
Institute of Mental Health, 1998;
U.S. Public Health Service, 2000;
Weist, 2001).
3. Major work plus Use see also after (Roy, 1995; see also Embar-
others major work Seddon, 2000; Greenberg, 2001)
Parenthetical Citations
American Psychological Association :
20
Format for the Reference List
American Psychological Association :
TITLE
Type the word “References” at the top of a new page, centered.
Title
Format for the Reference List
American Psychological Association :
SPACING
All entries should be double-spaced, unless your assignment/
lecturer instructs you otherwise.
Double spacing
Format for the Reference List
American Psychological Association :
INDENTATION
The standard for indentation is as follow:
• First line flush left
• Following lines five spaces indent
• For references used only single spacing
Indentation
1st line
Following lines
, 5 spaces
Format for the Reference List
American Psychological Association :
CAPITALIZATION
Capitalize only the first word of titles of books and articles and
the first word after a colon (:), question mark (?) or Exclamation
mark (!). Capitalization Capitalization
26
American Psychological Association
IN-TEXT QUOTATIONS
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of
citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of
publication for the source should appear in the text, and a
complete reference should appear in the reference list.
• Examples:
Smith (1970) compared reaction times . . .
In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1970), . . .
In 1970, Smith compared reaction times . .
American Psychological Association
LONG QUOTATIONS
• Quotations longer than 40 words in a freestanding block of typewritten
lines, and omit quotation marks.
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left
margin.
• Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of
any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new
margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout.
• The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.
• Example:
Miele's 1993 study found the following: The placebo effect disappeared
when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the
behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were
administered. Earlier studies conducted by the same group of
researchers at the hospital were clearly premature in attributing the
results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)