Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Disorders of The Endocrine System
Disorders of The Endocrine System
System
Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Thyroxin
• Protuberant abdomen
• Short Stature
• Infertility
• Neurological
impairment
• Constant Fatigue
• Obesity
Thyroid Gland
Hormone: Calcitonin
Overactivity
- Increased Bone Ca, decreased Blood Ca
- Tetany (nerve problems leading to muscle spasms or
cramps)
Underactivity
- Increase Blood Ca, decreased Bone Ca
- Osteoporosis (brittle bones)
- Kidney stones
Parathyroid Glands
Hormone: Parathormone (PTH)
Underactivity
- Low Blood calcium, High Bone Ca
- Tetany
Overactivity
- High Blood calcium, Low Bone Ca
- Osteoporosis
Pancreas
Hormone: Insulin
Overactivity
- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
- Hypoglycemia
Underactivity
- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
- Hyperglycemia
- Diabetes
Pancreas
Hormone: Glucagon
Overactivity
- High blood sugar level ( ↑BSL)
- Diabetes
Underactivity
- Low blood sugar level ( ↓BSL)
- Hyper insulinism
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hormone: Growth Hormone
Overactive
- Gigantism (children - very tall)
- Acromegaly (adults - bones & skin thicken)
Underactive
- Dwarfism (very short)
Gigantism
The man holding
the baby in the
photo is 8 ft, 2.5
inches tall
Acromegaly
Dwarfism
Dwarfism occurs
when there is short
supply of GH in
childhood. There
are two types of
dwarfism – Lorrain
and Frohlich’s
Thyroxin – increases metabolic rate
Overactive Underactive
• Goiter • Goiter
• Hyperthyroidism • Hypothyroidism
• Grave’s Disease • Hashimoto’s Disease
• Myxoedema (adults)
• Cretinism (kids)
Calcitonin – Increase Ca uptake by
bones and decrease Ca level in blood
Overactive Underactive
• Tetany • Kidney Stones
• Osteoporosis
Parathormone (PTH) – inc. Ca
level in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive Underactive
• Kidney Stones • Tetany
• Osteoporosis
Insulin – dec. blood sugar levels
Overactive Underactive
• Hypoglycemia • Hyperglycemia
• Hyperinsulinism • Diabetes
(insulin shock)
Calcitonin Vs. Parathormone
Calcitonin – Blood Ca Parathormone - Blood Ca
Tetany •Osteoporosis
•Kidney Stones
•Osteoporosis Tetany
•Kidney Stones
Glucagon – inc. blood sugar levels
Overactive Underactive
• Hyperglycemia • Hypoglycemia
• Diabetes • Hyperinsulinism
Insulin vs Glucagon
Insulin – BSL Glucagon - BSL
Hypoglycemia •Hyperglycemia
•Diabetes
•Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia
•Diabetes
GH - Growth Hormone – increases
bone growth
Overactive Underactive
• Gigantism (children) • Dwarfism (Frohlich’s
• Acromegaly (adults) and Lorrain)
MSH - Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone – causes color cells
(melanocytes) in skin to darken
Overactive Under active
• Skin darkens • Skin will not darken
• Most severe condition
is albinism
LH, FSH, ICTH – sex hormones in
males and females that aid in
sperm or egg (gamete) production
Overactive Underactive
• Unknown • Sterility
Corticoid imbalances: