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Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Cell Cycle
Figure 12.1
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Unicellular organisms
– Reproduce by cell division
100 µm
Figure 12.3
50 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Eukaryotic chromosomes
– Consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and
protein that condenses during cell division
• In animals
– Somatic cells have two sets of chromosomes
– Gametes have one set of chromosomes
Sister
Separation chromatids
of sister
Mechanical processes separate chromatids
the sister chromatids into two
chromosomes and distribute
them to two daughter cells.
• In meiosis
– Sex cells are produced after a reduction in
chromosome number
S
G1 (DNA synthesis)
G2
Figure 12.5
G2 OF
PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE
INTERPHASE
Centrosomes Aster Fragments
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin Early mitotic Kinetochore
spindle Centromere of nuclear
(duplicated) envelope Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter forming
Figure 12.6 one spindle pole chromosomes
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Mitotic Spindle: A Closer Look
• The mitotic spindle
– Is an apparatus of microtubules that controls
chromosome movement during mitosis
Sister
Metaphase
chromatids Plate
Kinetochores
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochores
microtubules 0.5 µm
Microtubules Chromosomes
1 The microtubules of a cell in early anaphase were labeled with a fluorescent dye
that glows in the microscope (yellow).
Kinetochore
Spindle
pole
Figure 12.8
• In telophase
– Genetically identical daughter nuclei form at
opposite ends of the cell
Contractile ring of
Daughter cells
microfilaments
Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate New cell wall
cell plate
Daughter cells
Figure 12.9 B (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)
Metaphase. The
1 Prophase. 2 Prometaphase. 3 Anaphase. The 5 Telophase. Daughter
The chromatin We now see discrete spindle is complete, 4 chromatids of each nuclei are forming.
is condensing. chromosomes; each and the chromosomes, chromosome have Meanwhile, cytokinesis
The nucleolus is consists of two attached to microtubules separated, and the has started: The cell
beginning to identical sister at their kinetochores, daughter chromosomes plate, which will
disappear. chromatids. Later are all at the metaphase are moving to the ends divided the cytoplasm
Although not in prometaphase, the plate. of cell as their in two, is growing
yet visible nuclear envelop will kinetochore toward the perimeter
in the micrograph, fragment. microtubles shorten. of the parent cell.
the mitotic spindle is
staring to from.
Figure 12.10
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Binary Fission
• Prokaryotes (bacteria)
– Reproduce by a type of cell division called
binary fission
• Certain protists
– Exhibit types of cell division that seem
intermediate between binary fission and
mitosis carried out by most eukaryotic cells
Experiment 1 Experiment 2
S G1 M G1
RESULTS
S S M M
When a cell in the S When a cell in the M phase
phase was fused with was fused with a cell in G1, the
a cell in G1, the G1 cell G1 cell immediately began mitosis—
immediately entered the a spindle formed and chromatin
S phase—DNA was condensed, even though the
synthesized. chromosome had not been duplicated.
CONCLUSION The results of fusing cells at two different phases of the cell cycle suggest that molecules present in the
cytoplasm of cells in the S or M phase control the progression of phases.
Figure 12.13 A, B
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cell Cycle Control System
• The sequential events of the cell cycle
– Are directed by a distinct cell cycle control
system, which is similar to a clock
G1 checkpoint
Control
system S
G1
G2
M
M checkpoint
Figure 12.14 G2 checkpoint
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The clock has specific checkpoints
– Where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is
received
G0
G1 checkpoint
G1 G1
(a) If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at (b) If a cell does not receive a go-ahead
the G1 checkpoint, the cell continues signal at the G1checkpoint, the cell
Figure 12.15 A, B on in the cell cycle. exits the cell cycle and goes into G0, a
nondividing state.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Cell Cycle Clock: Cyclins and
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
• Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in
cell cycle control
• Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
Time
Figure 12.18 A 25 µm
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Cancer cells
– Exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor
anchorage dependence
Figure 12.18 B
25 µm
Tumor Lymph
vessel
Blood
vessel
Glandular
tissue
Cancer cell Metastatic
Tumor
1 A tumor grows from a 2 Cancer cells invade 3 Cancer cells spread 4 A small percentage of
single cancer cell. neighboring tissue. through lymph and cancer cells may survive
blood vessels to and establish a new tumor
Figure 12.19 other parts of the body. in another part of the body.