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 objectives
Explain Why restorative material are used in
dentistry and why they are important to the patients
total health.
Describe the major disease that lead to tooth damage
and how materials may help restore or prevent this
damage.
Describe the role of restorative material in prevention
of oral disease and trauma.

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Cont…

WHY DO WE STUDY DENTAL MATERIALS?

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Dental material science
Definition: a science dealing with the development,
properties, manipulation, evolution and evaluation of
dental materials.
These aspects affect how different materials are
selected for particular clinical/laboratory application.
Thorough knowledge ensure success of dental service
provided to patients.

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Cont…
Dental restorative materials are used to prevent or
repair damage to teeth caused by oral disease or
trauma
Restoration of teeth is primarily important For the
well being of pt. because;
Teeth damage , loss , or dysfunction may contribute
to malnutrition ,speech disorders and decay of tmj or
alveolar bone

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Cont…
Teeth are critical component of an individual's
appearance , oral disease can compromise social well
being and self-esteem
Damage to teeth may occur from infectious disease
or congenital problems

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Dental disease and restorative
materials
Caries; caused by bacterial plaque which accumulates
on teeth where pt. prophylaxis does not remove it
Periodontal disease
Trauma
Systemic disease such as cancer of head and neck
,osteoporosis and fluorosis…
Congenital disease such as missing of tooth
amelogenesis imperfect dentogenesis imperfect.

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Dental treatment
May divided in to three phases
Prevention
Restoration
Rehabilitation
Prevention phase ; probably most important phase of
treatment before the disease process has started it
include

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Cont…
1.Educating the pt. how to keep their oral hygiene
through regular brushing , flossing and periodic
checkup
 Fluoride application(therapy)
 Fluoridation of drinking water
 Fissure and pit sealants is preventive measure
especially in children

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Restoration
phase
When the actual development of caries and
periodontal disease occurred in order to arrest disease
progress. Regardless of the source of damage teeth are
generally replaced by using two basic type of
restoration
Intra coronal and extra coronal
Endodontic restorative treatment

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Rehabilitation phase
When the patient come to late for any kind of
conservative treatment hopeless tooth is extracted
and replaced by
Fixed partial denture or bridge
Removable partial denture
Complete denture etc.

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Cont…

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Groups of dental materials
Metals: e.g. amalgam
Polymers: e.g. acrylic resin
Ceramics : e.g. dental porcelain
Composite: e.g. dental resin composite

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Cont…
Dental biomaterials may be classified according
to nature into, ceramics, metals, polymers and
composites or according to use into restorative
and auxiliary materials

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Cont…
I- Metals
Metals are used for making restorations of the
lost tooth structure, prosthetic devices,
orthodontic appliances, and many other
applications where strength and elasticity are
required.
A mixture of two or more metallic elements is
called alloy (Gold alloy &Cobalt chromium alloy)

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Cont…

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Cont…
II- Ceramics
Ceramics include a wide variety of substances
such as glass, cement, refractory (high temp), and
many other materials.
 Types of dental ceramics:
 Dental porcelain.
 Dental cements.
 Gypsum products.
 Casting investment

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Cont…

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Cont…
III- Polymers
Polymers are synthetic resins.
Types of dental polymers:
 Polymeric impression materials.
 Denture base materials.
 Tooth colored restorative materials.

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Cont…

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What is an ideal dental material
Biocompatible
Permanently bond to tooth structure
Esthetic
Exhibit similar properties to enamel, dentine and
other tissue
Capable of initiating tissue repair and regeneration

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Dental material classification
Restorative: to repair or replace tooth structure
Permanent or temporary
Fixed or removable
Direct or indirect esthetic material
Preventive:
Therapeutic : e.g. fluoride, chlorhexidine
Protective : e.g. fissure sealants
Auxiliary: used in the process of fabricating
prosthesis, e.g. gypsum, impression material,
waxes.
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Historical development
Clinical use of dental materials dates back to
generation prior to Christianity.

The need for restoring lost dental tissue changed

when comparing our ancestors diet consisting of
sand, grit and stone vs. our current diet consisting of
refined sugar.

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Cont…
2500 BC : potions and prayers
600-300 BC restorative dentistry appeared
Christian era:
Gold shells
Fixed bridges
Partial and full dentures
Mid. Ages-1800s:
Extractions and artificial replacement

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Cont…
1700 : ivory used to construct complete dentures.
Porcelain teeth first fabricated and used.
1844: vulcanite (rubber material) used for denture
base construction and remained so until WWII
659-1800: silver pastes first introduced by Chinese
then French

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Cont…
1846: amalgam band due to health hazard of mercury
1855: gold foil used in restorative dentistry
Late 1800 zinc phosphate
1874: fluorides
1895: G.V. Black introduced an acceptable amalgam
formula
1907: casting method for gold inlays developed

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Cont…
1932: synthetic resins developed then replaced
vulcanite in making dentures and as esthetic
restorative material
1955: acid etching technique introduced
1945: water fluoridation
1960s: composite resins as esthetic material
1970s: glass ionomer cements

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Cont…
1932: synthetic resins developed then replaced
vulcanite in making dentures and as esthetic
restorative material
1955: acid etching technique introduced
1945: water fluoridation
1960s: composite resins as esthetic material
1970s: glass ionomer cements

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Cont…
1980s: dentine bonding agents, resin modified-GIC
1990s: compomers

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Cont…

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Evaluation of dental materials
The study of dental materials takes into consideration
certain standards set forth to evaluate a material or a
technique before it is used in the patients mouth.
Standard specifications
Laboratory evaluations can be used to indicate the
suitability of dental materials. These tests need to be
clinically relevant
Clinical trials: are the ultimate tests

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Cont…

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Selection of dental materials
1. Analysis: Must consider factors such as esthetics,
stress, position
2. Requirements: a list of what is required of the
dental material to perform optimally
3. Available materials and their properties
4. Choice of material: by considering all the previous
steps in addition to availability, cost and ease of
handling.

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Thank You for Your Attention.

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