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Tissues
Tissues
• Tissues are:
Collections of specialized cells and cell
products organized to perform a limited
number of functions
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
• Four types of tissue
– Epithelial = covering
– Connective = support
– Muscle = movement
– Nervous = control
Membranous
Glandular
Classes of Epithelia
• Simple: just one • Stratified:
layer or cell multiple layers
shape and cell shapes
Simple Epithelia
Type Cell shape Example
Squamous Squashed Endotheliu m (lin es blood
vessels), mesothelium
(serous lining of celom)
Cuboidal Cubed Walls of glands
The shape of the nucleus usually corresponds to the cell form and help to
identify the type of epithelium.
They form the lining of cavities such as the mouth, blood vessels, heart and
lungs and make up the outer layers of the skin.
As their name implies, cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape.
Cuboidal epithelium is found in glands and in the lining of the kidney tubules as
well as in the ducts of the glands.
They also constitute the germinal epithelium which produces the egg cells in
the female ovary and the sperm cells in the male testes.
The nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells.
Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines.
Some columnar cells are specialised for sensory reception such as in the
nose, ears and the taste buds of the tongue.
These are simple columnar epithelial cells, but in addition, they posses fine
hair-like outgrowths, cilia on their free surfaces.
This movement of the cilia in a certain direction causes the mucus, which is
secreted by the goblet cells, to move (flow or stream) in that direction.
Ciliated epithelium is usually found in the air passages like the nose. It is also
found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females.
Where body linings have to withstand wear and tear, the epithelia are composed
of several layers of cells and are then called compound or stratified
epithelium.
The top cells are flat and scaly and it may or may not be keratinised (i.e.
containing a tough, resistant protein called keratin).
Stratified epithelium
Stratified Epithelia
• Squamous • Transitional
– E.g. epidermis epithelium
– E.g. urinary
structures--bladder
– Stretches from 6
cells to 3 cells thick
as bladder fills and
expands
Transitional Epithelium
The inner, exposed cells actually transform from being rounded when the
urinary bladder is empty to being somewhat flattened as it distends with
urine.
Quiz!! E
A B
C
1. Unicellular glands
They are modified columnar cells that occur within most epithelial tissues.
Goblet cells are found in the epithelial linings of the respiratory and
digestive systems.
The mucus secretion of these cells lubricates and protects the surface
linings.
Multicellular glands,
4
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
• Universal in body
• Underlies epithelium, supports
capillaries.
• Always originates from mesenchyme
• CELLS in MATRIX
Connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the
body.