Nursing Theorists: Nightingale

and Rogers
 Martha Rogers
1914-1994

Science of unitary Human Beings

 Biography: Martha Rogers
• born in 1914 in Dallas
• nursing diploma from the Knoxville General
Hospital School of Nursing in 1936
• Public Health Nursing degree from George
Peabody College in Tennessee in 1937
• Master's degree was from Teachers College at
Columbia University in 1945
 Biography: Martha Rogers
• Doctorate in Nursing was given to her from
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in 1954
• Rogers died on March 13, 1994
 Career: Martha Rogers
• professor at New York University's School of
Nursing
• a Fellow for the American Academy of Nursing
• publications:
Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970), Nursing
Science and Art: A Prospective (1988), Nursing:
Science of Unitary, Irreducible, Human Beings
Update (1990), and Vision of Space Based
Nursing (1990).
 Career: Martha Rogers
• Other works written:
 An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing
 Educational revolution in nursing. By Martha E.
Rogers. Published by Macmillan. 1961 Edition
 Reveille in Nursing
 Martha E Rogers: Her Life and Her Work
Martha E. Rogers' Contribution to
Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
There are many people who believe that a
person and his or her environment are
integral to each other. That is, a patient
can't be separated from his or her
environment when addressing health and
treatment.
 By practicing nursing with this view of the
coexistence of the human and his or her
environment, a nurse can apply Martha E.
Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings to
treat patients and help them in the process of
change toward better health.
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Patients/Human:
– "unitary human beings,"
– cannot be divided into parts
– have to be looked at as a whole
– have the capacity to participate knowingly in the
process of change.
– viewed as integral with the universe
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Environment:
– irreducible, and coexists with unitary human
beings
– are one with the patient.
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Health:
– expression of the life process
– are part of the same continuum with illness
– events in the patient's life = health potentials
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Nursing:
– DIMENSIONS:
• science of nursing – knowledge from scientific research
• art of nursing – use science of nursing for better life of
the patient
– Role of the Nurse:
• Serve the people
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Rogers also proposes noninvasive modalities
for nursing:
– therapeutic touch
– Humor
– Music
– Meditation
– guided imagery
– use of color
 Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
• Nurses interventions:
– coordinate the rhythm (human and environmental
fields)
– help the patient in the process of change
– help patients move toward better health
– focus on pain management
– Provide supportive psychotherapy for
rehabilitation.
Nursing Theory: Science of Unitary
Human Beings
This theory addresses the importance of the
environment as an integral part of the patient,
and uses that knowledge to help nurses blend
the science and art of nursing to ensure
patients have a smooth recovery and can get
back to the best health possible.
 Florence Nightingale
1820-1910
Science of unitary Human Beings
This theorist is the most recognized name in
the field of nursing. Her work was
instrumental for developing modern nursing
practice.
she ensures patients in her care had what
they needed to get healthy.
Her Environmental Theory changed the face
of nursing to create sanitary conditions for
patients to get care.
 Biography : Florence Nightingale
• born in 1820 in Italy to a wealthy British family
• raised in the Anglican faith
• believed the God called her to be a nurse -
February 1837 while at Embley Park
• Announced her intention to become a nurse
in 1844
• defied mother, sister, suitors and the society in
becoming a nurse and learning about nursing
 Biography : Florence Nightingale
• The income given to her by her father during
this time allowed her to pursue her career and
still live comfortably
• had several important friendships with
women, including a correspondence with an
Irish nun named Sister Mary Clare Moore
• she had little respect for women in general,
and preferred friendships with powerful men.
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• 1853 to 1854, superintendent at the Institute for
the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley
Street, London
• She tended to wounded soldiers during the
Crimean War
• Known as “the lady with the lamp”
• worked to improve nutrition and conditions in
the wards
• improve sanitation in army and civilian hospitals
during peacetime.
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• Nightingale made changes on the wards and
started the process by calling the Sanitary
Commission
• Reduced death rates of injured soldiers from
42% to 2%
• reduction in the death rates of injured soldiers
from 42% to 2%
• pointed unsanitary conditions as a major
cause of death
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• Nightingale made changes on the wards and
started the process by calling the Sanitary
Commission
• Reduced death rates of injured soldiers from
42% to 2%
• reduction in the death rates of injured soldiers
from 42% to 2%
• pointed unsanitary conditions as a major
cause of death
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• established a nursing school at St. Thomas'
Hospital in London in 1860
• first nurses trained at this school began
working in 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse
Infirmary
• It was the first secular nursing school in the
world, and is now part of King's College
London
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• Her work laid the foundation for modern nursing, and
the pledge all new nurses take was named after her.
• wrote Notes on Nursing (1859), which was the
foundation of the curriculum for her nursing school
and other nursing schools.
• She also wrote Notes on Hospitals, Notes on Matters
Affecting the Health, and Efficiency and Hospital
Administration of the British Army.
• spent the rest of her career working toward the
establishment and development of nursing as a
profession, paving the way for nursing in its current
form.
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• In 1883, Nightingale was given the Royal Red
Cross by Queen Victoria.
• 1907, she was the first woman to receive the
Order of Merit.
• 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of
the City of London.
• International Nurses Day is celebrated on her
birthday.
 Career: Florence Nightingale
• Some of Florence Nightingale's works are:
– Notes On Nursing
– Notes on Nursing What It Is, and What It Is Not
– Florence Nightingale - to her Nurses (new edition)
– Florence Nightingale's Notes on Nursing and Notes on
Nursing for the Labouring Classes: Commemorative
Edition with Historical Commentary
– Florence Nightingale: Letters from the Crimea
– Florence Nightingale: Measuring Hospital Care
Outcomes
– Organizing of Nursing
 Nursing Theory: Environmental
Theory
• incorporates the patients' surrounding
environment in his or her nursing care plan.
• use the patient's environment to help him or
her recover and get back to the usual
environment
• patient's environment is important,it can
affect his or her health in a positive or
negative way.
 Nursing Theory: Environmental
Theory
• Some environmental factors affecting health:
– fresh air
– pure water
– sufficient food
– appropriate nutrition
– efficient drainage
– Cleanliness
– light or direct sunlight
 Nursing Theory: Environmental
Theory
• emphasized providing a quiet, warm
environment for patients to recover
• calls nurses to assess a patient's dietary needs,
document food intake times, and evaluate
how the patient's diet affects his or her health
and recovery.
 Determining a patient's environment for
recovery based on his or her condition or
disease is still practiced today, such as in
patients suffering from tetanus, who need
minimal noise to keep them calm and prevent
seizures.
Thank you for listening!