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Finite Wordlength Effects: Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects: Professor A G Constantinides
1 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Quantisation
Output
eo (k )
Q
ei (k )
Input
Q Q
ei ,o (k )
2 2
2 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• The pdf for e using rounding
1
Q
Q Q
2 2
Q 2
• Noise power e p(e).de E{e }
2 2 2
or Q 2
2
Q
2
12
3 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Let input signal be sinusoidal of unity
amplitude. Then total signal power P 1
2
• If b bits used for binary then Q 2 2b
so that 2 22b 3
• Hence 3 2b
P .2
2
2
or SNR 1.8 6b dB
4 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Consider a simple example of finite
precision on the coefficients a,b of second
order system with poles e j
1
H ( z) 1 2
1 az bz
1
H ( z) 1 2 2
1 2 cos .z .z
INPUT OUTPU
T
+
7 Professor A G Constantinides
Limit-cycles; "Effective Pole"
Model; Deadband
• Observe that for H ( z ) 1
(1 b1 z 1 b2 z 2 )
• instability occurs when b2 1
• i.e. poles are
• (i) either on unit circle when complex
• (ii) or one real pole is outside unit
circle.
• Instability under the "effective pole" model
8
is considered as follows Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• In the time domain with H ( z ) Y ( z )
X ( z)
•
y(n) x(n) b1 y(n 1) b2 y(n 2)
9 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• With rounding, therefore we have
b2 y(n 2) 0.5 y (n 2)
are indistinguishable (for integers)
or b2 y(n 2) 0.5 y(n 2)
• Hence 0.5
y (n 2)
1 b2
• With both positive and negative numbers
0.5
y (n 2)
10 1 b2 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
0.5
• The range of integers
1 b2
13 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Consider infinite precision computations for
yk xk yk 1 0.9 yk 2 x0 10
xk 0 ; k 0
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10
14 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Now the same operation with integer
precision
10
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-10 -5 0 5 10
15 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
16 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• Assume e1 (k ) ,e2 (k ) ….. are not
correlated, random processes etc.
2 2
0i e hi (k ) e
2 2 2
Q
k 0 12
Hence total output noise power
22b 2 k sin 2 (k 1)
0 2
012
02 2
2. .
12 k 0 sin 2
b
• Where Q 2 and
sin(k 1)
h1 (k ) h2 (k ) . k
; k 0
sin
17 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• ie
2b
2 1 2
1
02
6 1 1 4 2 2 cos 2
2
.
18 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
A(n) B(n+1)
• For FFT
B(n) -
B(n+1)
W(n)
19 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• FFT
A(n 1) B(n 1) 2
2 2
A(n 1) 2 A(n)
2 2
A(n) 2 A(n)
• AVERAGE GROWTH: 1/2 BIT/PASS
20 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
IMAG 1.0
• FFT
-1.0 1.0
REAL
-1.0
Ax ( n 1) Ax ( n) Bx ( n)C ( n) B y ( n) S ( n)
Ax ( n 1) Ax ( n) Bx ( n) C ( n) B y ( n) S ( n)
Ax ( n 1)
1.0 C ( n) S ( n) 2.414....
Ax ( n)
• Modelled as
x(n) + x ( n) x ( n) q ( n)
~
q(n)
22 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• For rounding operations q(n) is uniform
distributed between Q2 , Q2
and where Q is
the quantisation step (i.e. in a wordlength of
bits with sign magnitude representation or
mod 2, Q 2 b ).
• A discrete-time system with quantisation at
the output of each multiplier may be
considered as a multi-input linear system
23 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
q1 (n)...q2 (n)...q p (n)
r 0 1
r 0
• where h (n) is the impulse response of the
system from the output of the multiplier
to y(n).
24 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• For zero input i.e. x(n) 0, n we can write
p
y (n) qˆ . h (n r )
1 r 0
25 Professor A G Constantinides
Finite Wordlength Effects
• However
h (n) h(n)
n 0 n 0
• And hence
pQ
y ( n) . h( n)
2 n0
• ie we can estimate the maximum swing at
the output from the system parameters and
quantisation level
26 Professor A G Constantinides