AM/ DSBFC

Equation(or) Mathematical
Expression of AM wave (Time
domain representation)
 Message(modulating) signal Vm(t)=Vmcos m t (1)
Carrier signal Vc(t)=Vc cos c t (2)
Vm Amplitude of message signal
Vc Amplitude of carrier signal
 After modulation
VAM=Vc+Vm(t) (3)
 Use (1) in (3)
VAM=Vc+Vmcos m t
=Vc[1+ (Vm/Vc)cos m t] = Vc[1+ ma cos m t] (4)
Vm/Vc ma [Modulation index (or) Depth of modulation
(or) Degree of modulation]
Contd…
 Instantaneous amplitude of modulated signal
is VAM(t)=VAM cos c t (5)
 Use 4 in 5
VAM(t)= Vc[1+ ma cos m t] cos c t
=Vc cos c t +maVc cos m t +cos c t
=Vc cos c t +((maVc)/2)[cos(c + m
)t+cos(c - m )t]
=Vc cos c t+ (maVc)/2 cos(c + m )t + (maVc)/2
cos(c - m )t 6

Carrier signal upper sideband signal LSB

Frequency spectrum & Bandwidth
 Side band: The modulated carrier has new
signals at different frequencies called side
frequencies or sidebands
 From equation (6) VAM(t) =fc+ fUSB +fLSB
fUSB = fc+fm
fLSB = fc-fm
 Bandwidth =USB –LSB
= (fc+fm )-(fc-fm) =2 fm
Frequency spectrum of AM
Phasor representation of AM
Modulation index (ma)
 ma = Vm/Vc 0≤ ma ≤1
=(Vmax-Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin)
Vmax =Vc+ Vm
Vmin =Vc - Vm
Degrees of Modulation
a)Under modulation (ma
<1)
b)Critical modulaiton (ma =1)
c)Over modulation (ma >1)
Power relations in AM
 Modulated Wave : Carrier wave ,LSB, USB
 Total PowerPt = Pc + PLSB + PUSB
=(Vc2/R) + (VLSB2/R) + (VUSB2/R)
Vc , VLSB ,VUSB : rms values & VLSB = VUSB = VSB
 PLSB = PUSB = PSB = VSB2/R = (maVc/2)2/2R =
(ma2Vc2)/8R
= (ma2 /4)(Vc2 /2R) = (ma2 /4) Pc
 Pt =VC2/2R + (ma2 /4) Pc + (ma2 /4) Pc
= Pc [ 1+ (ma2 /2)]
Input and Output waveforms
Advantages :
Simple to implement
Low bandwidth
Can travel Long distance
Disadvantage:
More power wasted in sidebands
Efficiency = 33.3%
Application:
TV & Radio broadcasting