Measures of Central

Tendency of Grouped Data,

Standard Deviation,
Histograms and Frequency
Polygons
 Univariate Data
• Concerned with a single attribute or
variable.
• Two forms of numerical data
– DISCRETE data – collected by counting
exact amounts
– CONTINUOUS data – values form part of
a continuous scale – generally collected
by measurement
Grouped frequency Table
• For large volume of data.
• Group data in frequency table.
• Groups should not overlap.
• Use inequality signs for continuous
data.
 ORGANISING DATA
• Can organise data using
– a stem and leaf diagram/display
– A frequency table
– A grouped frequency table
• Data could be discrete or
continuous
 Activity 1
1. a) Group tally frequency
0 -10 hrs |||| |||| || 12
11 – 20 hrs |||| |||| |||| 14
21 – 30 hrs |||| 4
TOTAL 30
b) How many learners watched less than 11
hours of TV a week?
How many learners watched more than 20
hours of TV a week?
2. a) Continuous data
b) Interval Tally Frequency
1,50  x  1,55 || 2
1,55  x  1,60 ||| 3
1,60  x  1,65 |||| | 6
1,65  x  1,70 |||| | 6
1,70  x  1,75 |||| || 7
1,75  x  1,80 |||| 5
1,80  x  1,85 ||| 3
1,85  x  1,90 ||| 3
c) 11 learners
 Measures of Central Tendency
from a Frequency Table
The Mean
• We use the following formula to find the
mean of ungrouped data:
x
Mean = x = ,
n
where x = sum of the data items,
and n = the number of items
• We use a modified formula when finding the
mean of grouped data:
f . x
Mean = x = n , where f = the frequency,
n is the value of the item, andx = the
number of items
The median
The median is the middle data item when the
data is listed in order. We sometimes use the
n 1
formula 2 to find out which item is the
middle item, and can also find the median
from the frequency table.

The mode
The mode is the data item with the highest
frequency.
Mark obtained Frequency
fx
x f
0 10 0
1 20 20
2 40 80
3 50 150
4 30 120
5 30 150
6 20 120
7 20 140
8 10 80
9 10 90
10 10 100
n = 250  f .x = 1 050
• Mean = 4,2
• Median = 4
• Mode = 3
 Activity 2
No. of No. of Total no. of
children families children 1. Mean no of
x f fx children
0 12 0 per family
=1
1 15 15
2. 18th
2 5 10 position, so
3 2 6 Median = 1
3. Mode =1
4 1 4
n = 35 Σfx = 35
 Measures of Central Tendency
from a Grouped Frequency Table
This means
Total trees were
Height (h) in Frequency
frequency = metres from 2 to 4 m.
40.
Median is 2h  4 2
20½th item.
So, median is 4h 6 6 This is the
group with the
in interval: 6h 8 11 highest
8  h  10 frequency in the
8  h  10 12 table. So, Modal
10  h  12 8 8  h  10
class is

12  h  14 1
n=40
 Activity 3 ques 2
Height (in Midpoint Frequency
f .X
metres) X f

2h  4 3 2 6

4h 6 5 6 30

6h 8 7 11 77
8  h  10 9 12 108

10  h  12 11 8 88
12  h  14 13 1 13
n=40 ∑ f . X =322
b) Mean ≈ 8,05

c) Median is 20,5th item.

Median is in the interval 8  h  10
Median ≈ 8  10  18  9
2 2

d) Modal class is 8  h  10
The Standard Deviation of Data
in a Frequency Table

To set up a frequency table press the

following keys:
[SHIFT] [SETUP]
Scroll down using ▼ arrow
[3:STAT] [1:ON]
 Activity 4
3 a) Mean = 418g
b) Standard deviation = 21g

4. (418 ± 21) = (418 – 21; 418 + 21)

= (397;439)
6 cans lie in this interval.
4
 100% = 31%
13
 Activity 5
Midpoint of the
Speed in No. of cars
interval
km/h f
X
50 < s ≤ 60 55 20
60 < s ≤ 70 65 27
70 < s ≤ 80 75 25
80 < s ≤ 90 85 54
90 < s ≤ 100 95 21
100 < s ≤ 110 105 15
110 < s ≤ 120 115 8
120 < s ≤ 130 125 5
2. a) Mean ≈ 14 435 ÷ 175 = 82 km/h
b) Median lies in 88th position, which is
between 80–89km/h.
This is approx 85 km/h.
i.e half of the drivers are driving at
85 km/h or more

3.

4. Standard deviation = 17,5

5. (82 ± 17,5) = (82 – 17,5; 82 + 17,5)

= (64,5; 99,5)
~ 81%