ANALYTICAL FRAGILITY FUNCTION OF

RC STRUCTURE UNDER EARTHQUAKE-

TSUNAMI ACTION
DICKY HANGGARA
Lab presentation – 26 October 2018

1
 Outline of presentation
1
1. Introduction
2 2. Analysis method for tsunami only
3 3. Analysis method for earthquake-tsunami in sequence

4 4. Analytical fragility function

5. Conclusions
5
6. Future works plan
6

2
 Introduction
1 General
Tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of
2 water, generally in an ocean. Big tsunami event usually caused by earthquake.
Recent major tsunami event:
3
1. 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami event
4 2. 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake tsunami event in Japan
5 3. 2018 Central Sulawesi Earthquake tsunami event in Indonesia

Indian Ocean tsunami Tohoku tsunami Central Sulawesi tsunami

Source: https://thecalmduringthestorm.wordpress.com/2014/ https://earthobservatory.sg/blog/how-did-2011-tohoku- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/09/30/indo
04/20/indian-ocean-tsunami-2004-general-overview/ earthquake-change-earth%E2%80%99s-rotation nesia-tsunami-desperate-rescue-efforts-looting-palu- 3
amid/
 Introduction
1 Available codes and standards
• International Building Code
2
Section 1612 Flood Loads, section 1804 Excavation, Grading and Fill, and Appendix G Flood
3 Resistant construction provides information on flood design and flood resistant construction.
• ASCE/SEI Standard 24-05
4
The American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute (ASCE/SEI) Standard 24-05
5 Flood Resistant Design and Construction.
• ASCE/SEI Standard 7-16
6 Chapter C6 of this standard, Tsunami Loads and Effect, covers important content about tsunami
hazard, such as load definition, design procedure, and structural performance evaluation.
• FEMA P-55 Coastal Construction Manual
The fourth edition of the FEMA P-55Coastal Construction Manual(FEMA, 2011) includes discussion
of coastal seismic and tsunami loads.

Ref: FEMAP646. (2012). Guidelines for design of structures for vertical evacuation from tsunamis. Applied Technology Council Washington, DC. 4
 Introduction
1 Tsunami load consideration
• Hydrostatic forces • Impulsive forces
2
caused by the depth of water Caused by impulsive forces
3
• Hydrodynamic forces • Debris Impact forces
4 caused by the velocity of the water Caused by debris hitting the structure
5 • Buoyant forces

6 caused by uplifting force of the water

Ref: FEMAP646. (2012). Guidelines for design of structures for vertical evacuation from tsunamis. Applied Technology Council Washington, DC. 5
 Introduction
1 Tsunami load consideration
• Hydrostatic forces • Hydrodynamic forces
2
3
4
5
6
Where:
pc : hydrostatic pressure
ρs : fluid density including sediment (1200 kg/m3) Where:
b : breadth (width) of the wall u : flow velocity
g : gravitational acceleration R : run up elevation
H : inundation depth z : ground elevation at base of structure

Ref: FEMAP646. (2012). Guidelines for design of structures for vertical evacuation from tsunamis. Applied Technology Council Washington, DC. 6
 Introduction
1 Tsunami load consideration
2
3
4
5
6 Detail of tsunami inundation depth parameter
Tsunami load combination:
• Park et al.(2012) considered the load combination as summation of hydrostatic load (Fh), hydrodynamic
load (Fd), and impulsive load (Fs).

Where,

Ref: Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
7
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Currently available methods
2 The currently analysis methods are:
• Nonlinear static analysis with the constant-height load pattern (CHPO)
3
• Nonlinear static analysis with the variable-height load pattern (VHPO)
4
• Time history analysis (TH)
5
Differences between tsunami analysis methods
6

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
8
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Constant Height Pushover (CHPO)
2 • Nonlinear static analysis with the constant-height load pattern
(CHPO) assumes a load pattern for a given inundation depth.
3
• Similarly to standard pushover analysis, this analysis method
4 increases the roof displacement stepwise and evaluates the
load magnitude required to attain pre-defined displacement
5 demand levels
6 • The inundation depth is fixed, the velocity (and force) is
increased.

Schematic of CHPO method

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
9
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Variable Height Pushover (VHPO)
2 • Nonlinear static analysis with the variable-height load pattern
(VHPO) considers a load pattern characterized by a variable
3 height throughout the analysis
4 • At each analysis step, the load pattern height is modified
according to the assumed inundation depth
5
• While CHPO is displacement-controlled, i.e. roof displacement is
6 increased step-wise, VHPO is force-controlled

Schematic of VHPO method

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
10
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Comparison of PO curves for CHPO and VHPO
2
• An equivalent VHPO curve made by series of pushover
3 curves of CHPO analysis with different height

4 • The equivalent curve then compared to VHPO curve

5 • From the comparison Petrone et al. concluded that CHPO

curve tends to underestimate the peak strength compared
6 to VHPO

Pushover curve of CHPO and VHPO analyses

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
11
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Time History Analysis (TH)
• In TH, a dynamic time-history analysis is carried out
2 considering the tsunami force estimated from the
simulated time histories of tsunami onshore flow
3
• The analysis allows the incorporation of the dynamic
4 behavior of the structure. (a feature regarded to be
important in the literature but never to date
5 rigorously evaluated (Petrone et al.))
6 • analysis used adopts a transient solver to allow for
post-peak behavior of the structure to be
investigated

Inundation depth and flow velocity vs time curves

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
12
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Time History Analysis (TH)
2 • Once the building’s peak strength is
reached, any increase of force is
3 absorbed in terms of inertia force,
which leads the structure to undergo
4 large inelastic deformation.

5 • The transient solver is modified in

order to capture the post-peak
6 behavior.

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
13
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for earthquake-tsunami
1 Currently available method
2 • Park et al. develop a program called
SSTAP to do time history analysis for
3 earthquake-tsunami load in sequence.
4 • The structure immediately struck by
tsunami after the earthquake load is
5 ended.
6 • The load is repeated for different
combinations of ground motions and
tsunami wave heights

Schematic of earthquake-tsunami load in sequence

Ref: Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
14
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Analysis method for earthquake-tsunami
1 Currently available method
2 • De La Barra et al. proposed the double
pushover method for earthquake-tsunami
3 action in sequence.
4 • The unloading phase of structure after hit
by earthquake load is introduced.
5
• The pushover curve contain of three
6 phases which are earthquake PO
followed by unloading phase and then
continued by VHPO.

Schematic representation of the double pushover methodology

Ref: De La Barra, C., Rossetto, T., Petrone, C., and Vasquez, J. (2018). New approaches for the nonlinear assessment of building subjected to earthquake
15
and tsunami in sequence. ECEE.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Tsunami fragility function
2 • Fragility function is probability that a component reaches or exceeds a damage state as a
function of, e.g., floor acceleration or drift ratio or plastic hinge rotation, etc.
3 • Tsunami fragility functions enable damage prediction to tsunami.
4
Why analytical fragility function is needed?
5
• Empirical fragility function based on post-tsunami damage data limited to specific location.
6
• Analytical fragility function derived from structural analyses, therefore it can extend fragility
assessment to many at-risk locations which has no tsunami damaged data.

Ref: Macabuag, J., Rossetto, T., & Lloyd, T. (2014, July). Structural analysis for the generation of analytical tsunami fragility functions. In 10th Int. Conf. on
16
Urban Earthquake Engineering.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Tsunami fragility function
2 Recent study:
• Park et al.(2012) developed a fragility function of earthquake-tsunami action on a structure using
3 dynamic time history analysis with their own developed program.
• They found that preceding earthquake (DBE and MCE level) can considerably effect the
4 probability function.

5 • Petrone et al.(2017) developed fragility functions for tsunami only, with different analysis methods
which are CHPO, VHPO and TH.
6 • They found that pushover method can be used as tool of developing fragility function as the
difference of the functions is small.
• Since structural analysis must be simple and rapid enough to allow iteration in order to create
fragility function, Pushover analysis is considered as better analysis method for constructing
fragility analysis.

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
17
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Fragility curves tsunami only (Petrone et al)
Case study building
2
3
4
5
6

Plan and side view of the building 2D representation of the building

• The building is a 10 story evacuation building made by RC. Using OpenSEES platform, element
section modeled as fiber, conrete04 and steel02 are used for elements model.

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
18
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Fragility curves tsunami only (Petrone et al)
2
• For tsunami action only, Petrone et al.
3 developed the fragility curve for each methods
and compare the results
4
• They found that VHPO method resulted a
5 similar fragility curve to TH method.

6 • therefore, the proposed method (VHPO) is

concluded can be used as tsunami analysis
method

Comparison of fragility curves with different analysis

methodology

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
19
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Fragility curves earthquake-tsunami (Park et al)
Case study building
2
3
4
5
6

Plan view of the building SDOF equivalent of the building

• The building is a 2 story wooden house. The building is considered into single degree of
freedom model. Analyzed using their own developed program, SSTAP.

Ref: Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
20
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Analytical fragility function
1 Fragility curves earthquake-tsunami (Park et al)
2
• For earthquake and tsunami in sequence, Park et al.
3 develop the fragility curve using their own program
called SSTAP.
4
• They investigated how the earthquake at MCE and
5 DBE level effect the fragility curve.
6

Comparison of fragility curves considering and not

considering preceding earthquake

Ref: Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
21
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Conclusions
1 • Tsunami analytical fragility function is required to extend fragility assessment to the
many at risk location where there is no or limited tsunami damage data.
2
3 • Tsunami pushover method is simpler and more rapid than time history analysis.
Therefore, it is the better choice for constructing fragility curves which require many
4 structure analysis iterations.

5 • Only Park et al. has developed tsunami fragility curves that considered the preceding
earthquake, and none has done it using pushover analysis, moreover none has
6 considered the unloading phase after preceding earthquake.

• Since it simpler and faster, the study of analytical tsunami fragility function
considering preceding earthquake using pushover analysis method is required.

22
 Future works plan
1
2
3
4
5
6

Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function

Ref: Macabuag, J., & Rossetto, T. (2014). Towards the development of a method for generating analytical tsunami fragility functions. In 2nd European
23
conference on earthquake engineering and seismology.
 Future works plan
1 Considered building:
• Typical building located in Indonesia, 3 stories
2 reinforced concrete building.

3
4
5
6
Typical buildings in Indonesia
Source: Ghobarah, A., Saatcioglu, M., & Nistor, I. (2006). The impact of the 26
December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on structures and
infrastructure. Engineering structures, 28(2), 312-326.

Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function

24
 Future works plan
1 FEM modeling of the building:
• Opensees (2D)
2 element section modeled as fiber, conrete04 and
steel02 are used for elements model.
3
• Seismostruct (2D)
4
5
6

2D modelling in Seismostruct
Source: Macabuag, J., & Rossetto, T. (2014, August). Towards the development
of a method for generating analytical tsunami fragility functions. In 2nd
European conference on earthquake engineering and seismology.
Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function

25
 Future works plan
1 Tsunami loading regimes:

2
3
4
5
6

Input load for different loading regimes

Source: Macabuag, J., Rossetto, T., & LLoyd, T. (2014, August). Sensitivity
Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function Analyses of a Framed Structure Under Several Tsunami Design-
Guidance Loading Regimes. In 2nd European Conference on Earthquake
Engineering and Seismology.

26
 Future works plan
1 Analysis method:
• PO-FV-CHPO
2 • PO-FV-FHPO

3
4
5
6

Schematic representation of the double pushover methodology

Source: De La Barra, C., Rossetto, T., Petrone, C., and Vasquez, J.
Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function (2018). New approaches for the nonlinear assessment of building
subjected to earthquake and tsunami in sequence. ECEE.

27
 Future works plan
1
2
3
4
5
6

Procedure for deriving tsunami fragility function

28
 Future works plan
1
2
3 • Select IM: Tsunami inundation depth or peak force.

4
5
6

Fragility curve examples with inundation depth as IM (left) and Peak force as IM (right)

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
29
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Future works plan
1
2
3 • Select damage scale: .

4
5
6
Example of analytical damage scale

Source: Macabuag, J., & Rossetto, T. (2014, August). Towards the development
of a method for generating analytical tsunami fragility functions. In 2nd
European conference on earthquake engineering and seismology.

30
 Future works plan
1
2
3 • Select statistical model:
There are two models that usually used as the statistical model:
4
• Generalized Linear Model
5 Use binomial distribution for random component (statistical distribution)

6
• Cumulative Link Model
Use multinomial distribution for random component (statistical distribution)

Ref: Macabuag, J. (2018). Tsunami Damage Prediction for Buildings: Development of Methods for Empirical and Analytical Fragility Function
31
Derivation (Doctoral dissertation, UCL (University College London)).
 Future works plan
1
2
3 • Generate curve:

4
5
6

Expected fragility curve

Ref: Park, S., van de Lindt, J. W., Cox, D., Gupta, R., and Aguiniga, F. (2012). Successive earthquake-tsunami analysis to develop collapse fragilities.
32
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 16 (6), 851{863}.
 Future works plan
1
Research objectives:
2 1. Compare different analysis methodology (PO-FV-CHPO and PO-FV-VHPO)
3 2. Construct fragility function of the structure by considering tsunami only and

4 considering earthquake-tsunami action

3. Compare different statistical approach for constructing the fragility function
5
6

33
THANK YOU
DICKY HANGGARA
Lab presentation – 26 October 2018

34
 Future works plan
1
1. Construct PO curves
2 Petrone et al (2017) compares the results of time-history
analyses and non-linear static
3 analyses of a 2D structural model and demonstrates that
a novel varying height pushover
4 approach provides an appropriate simplified analysis
technique for the determination of
5 structural response of engineered buildings under tsunami
loading. Constant-Height
6 PushOver (CHPO, e.g. Foytong et al. 2015) is compared
with Variable Height PO
(VHPO, e.g. Macabuag et al. 2014, Macabuag et al
2014a), both shown in Figure 2-17.
It is shown that VHPO gives a better estimation of
structural capacity (determined by
Time-History Analysis, THA) than CHPO.

35
 Future works plan
1
1. Construct fragility curves
2
3
4
5
6

36
 Future works plan
1
2
3
4
5
6

37
 Future works plan
1
2
3
4
5
6

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 Introduction
1 Tsunami load application
2 • FEMA P626 clearly shown how to calculate loads caused by tsunami action but it did not
mention how to best applied the loads on the structure
3 • Petrone, et al. proposed several discetization methods to applied the load to structure

4
5
6

Load discretization methods for given tsunami inundation depth

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
39
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
 Analysis method for tsunami only
1 Comparison of PO curves for CHPO and VHPO
2
• An equivalent VHPO curve made by series of pushover
3 curves of CHPO analysis with different height

4 • The load criterization (c) is considered

5 • The equivalent curve then compared to VHPO curve

6 • From the comparison CHPO and VHPO match quite well

Pushover curve of CHPO and VHPO analyses

Ref: Petrone, C., Rossetto, T., and Goda, K. (2017). Fragility assessment of a rc structure under tsunami actions via nonlinear static and dynamic
40
analyses. Engineering Structures, 136 , 36{53}.
1
2
3
4
5
6

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