TOPIC 4: Signal Conditioning – Part 2

EPT 334
Azuwir Mohd Nor
PROTECTION
• There some situation where an improper connection between sensor
and next circuit component.(ex. microprocessor) can lead to
possibility of damage as result from high voltage or high current
induced.
•
Protection against high current
• Use a set of resistor arrange in series connection
to limit the current flow
• Fuse – to break the circuit if current does exceed
safe level
Protection against high voltage
• Zener diode – allow specific voltage cross the
circuit but not for voltage above the specific
value. example:
▫ Zener diode 5V : if
 Voltage = 5V (ok)
 Voltage = 5.1V or above (cannot)
• As voltage goes above the limit – resistance drop
to very low value

zener diode -control V

FILTERING
• In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that
alters the amplitude and/or phase characteristics of a
signal with respect to frequency.

• Filter in (electric, electronic, acoustic, or optical) is

device used to reject signals, vibrations, or radiations of
certain frequencies while allowing others to pass.

• Filtering in mechatronic application is a technique used

to remove a certain band of frequencies from a signal
and permitting others to be transmitted.
• Commonly used in high-performance stereo systems.
- where certain range of audio frequencies need to be amplified for best
sound quality and power efficiency.
- examples:
a) Equalizers which allows the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be

adjusted to suit the listener’s taste and acoustic properties of listening area.
b) Crossover networks which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching
speakers. Crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter (high frequency
speaker) and the stereo’s output terminal to block low-frequency signals. It only
pass high-frequency signals to the speaker’s connection terminals. This gives
better audio system efficiency and thus better performance.
TYPES OF FILTERS

Low-pass filters
High-pass filters
Band-pass filters
Band-stop filters
LOW-PASS & HIGH-PASS FILTERS
LOW PASS FILTERS
 LOW-PASS FILTERS
 has pass band which allow all frequencies from
ZERO up to specific frequency to be
transmitted
 Circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency
signal and difficult passage to high-frequency
signals.
 There are two basic kinds of circuits, which are;
a) Inductive low-pass filter
a) Inductive low-pass filter
 The inductive low-pass filter is used in AC-DC power
supplies to convert AC to DC component.
- this is due to the requirement of low filter
resistance for the output such a power supply.

b) Capacitive low pass filter

 less resistive than inductor.
 required an extra resistance in series with the source.
• Connecting inductor in series will serve as a low-
pass filter for the low frequencies of the woofer
or bass speaker . The midrange speaker is
subjected to the full spectrum of frequencies
from the stereo's output. A real stereo would
have six speakers: 2 woofers, 2 midranges, and 2
tweeters.
HIGH-PASS LOW-PASS FILTERS
 HIGH-PASS FILTERS
 has pass band which allow all frequencies from
specific frequency up to infinity to be
transmitted
 Circuit offering easy passage to high-frequency
signal and difficult passage to low-frequency signals.
 There are two basic kinds of circuits, which are;
a) Inductive high-pass filter
b) Capacitive high-pass filter
• Using a stereo system as a practical example, a
capacitor connected in series with the tweeter or
treble speaker will serve as a high-pass filter,
imposing a high impedance to low-frequency bass
signals, thereby preventing that power from being
wasted on a speaker inefficient for reproducing such
sound.
Example:
• A high-pass filter allows for easy passage of high-
frequency signals from source to load, and difficult
passage of low-frequency signals.
• Capacitive high-pass filters insert a capacitor in series
with the load whereas inductive high-pass filters insert a
resistor in series and an inductor in parallel with the
load. The former filter design tries to “block” the
unwanted frequency signal while the latter tries to short
it out.
Band-pass filter
• allow all frequencies within specific a specific
band to be transmitted
Band-stop filter
• stop all frequencies within particular band from
being transmitted
Wheatstone Bridge
• A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to
measure an unknown electrical resistance by
balancing two legs of a bridge circuit, one leg of which
includes the unknown component. Its operation is
similar to the original potentiometer.
• The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a
difference measurement, which can be extremely
accurate.
• Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to
measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and
other quantities, such as the amount of combustible
gases in a sample, with an explocimeter.
Wheatstone bridge circuit
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