THE HALL EFFECT

PRESENTED BY:
• Sumbul Javaid 01
• Memoona Naveed 05
• Razia 23
The hall effect:
In 1879 G. hall found that a voltage called hall voltage is developed at
right angle to both the current and the magnetic field.
Hall effect process:
Let us consider a rectangular metal
slab carrying a current density Jx
in the positive x direction and placed
uniform magnetic field of induction B acting
perpendicular to both slab and current .
under such conditions hall voltage is produced .
Hall effect process:

In the absence of magnetic field the conduction electrons drift with

the velocity Vx in the negative x direction however when the field
is applied a force called Lorentz force causes the electron path
to deflect towards the front face of rectangular block.
HALL EFFECT
• As a result an excess of electrons accumulate on the front face of
slab .
• At the same time equal no of positive charge appear due to deffiency
of electron on the opposite face of slab.
• The appearance of opposite charge on the opposite face creat an
electric field called hall field directed towards positive direction.
•
 Applications of Hall Effect

• Hall effect sensors

• Automotive fuel level indicator
• In Semiconductors
 Hall effect sensor
• A Hall effect sensor is a device that is
used to measure the magnitude of a
magnetic field. Its output voltage is
directly proportional to the
magnetic field strength through it.
• These are used for sensing,
positioning, and current sensing
applications
 Hall Effect Sensors

• In brushless electric motors ,Hall sensors are used to determine the

position of rotor and feed that provide information to motor controller
which allows more precise motor control..
 AUTOMOTIVE FUEL LEVEL INDICATOR
• The main principle operation of such indicator is position sensing of floating
element.
• A magnet is mounted on the surface of floating object.A current carrying
conductor is fixed on the top of the tank lining up with magnet.
• As the level of fuel rise,an increasing magnetic field is applied on the current
resulting in higher voltage.
 SEMICONDUCTORS
• Hall effect helps us to determine whether a semiconductor is p type or n type.
• If the voltage produced is positive,then the material is said to be p- type and if the
voltage produced is negative then it said to be n-type.
• Mathematical expression for the Hall voltage is given as

I = current flowing through the material

B = magnetic field strength
q = charge
n = number of mobile charge carriers per unit volume
d = thickness of the material
 Some other Applications
• Hall effect is used to calculate mobility of charge carriers (electrons and holes)
• It is also used to measure conductivity.
• Also used to measure ac power.
• Hall Effect is used in an instrument called Hall Effect multiplier which gives the
output proportional to the product of two input signals.