ENGLISH LANGUAGE

PERFORMANCE AND DIFFICULTIES

OF STUDENTS UNDERGOING
MOTHER TONGUE-BASED (MTB)
MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION
WILBERT GIUSEPPE L. DE GUZMAN
RESEARCHER
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the status of the English language
performance and difficulties of multi-grade students who were enrolled at
Don Amadeo Perez Sr. Memorial Central School-Main (Urdaneta City,
Pangasinan), during the School Year 2017-2018.
Specifically, it answers the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the Grades 1, 2, and 3 students in terms of:
a. sex;
b. mother tongue;
c. level of academic performance in English course;
d. level of academic performance in Mother Tongue course; and
e. range of family income?
 2. What is the performance of the multi-grade students in English
Course and in Mother Tongue Course?
3. What is the performance of the multi-grade students in the
English proficiency test?
4. What is the difficulty index in the multi-grade English
proficiency test
based on the students’ test performance?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the students’ level of
academic performance in English Course and their profile variables?
6. What is the perception of the English language teachers on the
implications of mother tongue-based medium of instruction on the
students’ English language learning?
Examples:
automate from automation
beg from beggar
diagnose from diagnosis
drowse from drowsy
edit from editor
execute from execution
free associate from free association
grovel from grovelling (or -l-) (adj.)
injure from injury
intuit from intuition
kidnap from kidnapper
orate from oration
Compounds (Compounding)

In English grammar, compounding is the process of

combining two words (free morphemes) to create a
new word (commonly a noun, verb, or adjective).
First, the stress pattern of the compound word is usually different
from the stress pattern in the phrase composed of the same words
in the same order.

Compound Phrase
‘White House white ‘house
‘funny farm funny ‘farm
‘blackbird black ‘bird
‘flatcar flat ‘car
Second, the meaning of the compound may differ to a
greater or lesser degree from that of the
corresponding phrase.

Examples:
Blackbird is a species of bird, regardless of its color.
Black bird is a bird which is black, regardless of its species.

A trotting-horse is a kind of horse, regardless of its current

activity.
A trotting horse must be a horse that is currently trotting.
Third, in many compounds, the order of the
constituent words is different from that in the
corresponding phrase

Compound Phrase
sawmill mill for sawing
sawing horse horse for sawing
sawdust dust from sawing
Fourth, compound nouns allow no modification to
the first element. This contrasts with noun phrases,
which do allow modification to the modifier

Example:
a really-blackbird and a really black bird
Types of Compounds
1. Compound nouns
a. Noun + noun: bath towel; boy-friend; death blow
b. Verb + noun: pickpocket; breakfast
c. Noun +verb: nosebleed; sunshine
d. Verb +verb: make-believe
e. Adjective + noun: deep structure; fast-food
f. Particle + noun: in-crowd; down-town
g. Adverb + noun: now generation
h. Verb + particle: cop-out; drop-out
i. Phrase compounds: son-in-law
2. Compound verbs

a. Noun + verb: sky-dive

b. Adjective + verb: fine-tune
c. Particle + verb: overbook
d. Adjective + noun: brown-bag
3. Compound adjectives
a. Noun + adjective: card-carrying; childproof
b. Verb + adjective: fail safe
c. Adjective + adjective: open-ended
d. Adverb + adjective: cross-modal
e. Particle + adjective: over-qualified
f. Noun + noun: coffee-table
g. Verb + noun: roll-neck
h. Adjective + noun: red-brick; blue-collar
i. Particle + noun: in-depth
j. Verb + verb: go-go; make-believe
k. Adjective/Adverb + verb: high-rise;
l. Verb + particle: see-through; tow-away
4. Compound adverbs
uptightly
cross-modally

5. Neo-classical compounds
astro-naut
hydro-electric
mechano-phobe
ENGLISH COMPOUNDS (BAUER, 1983)
Endocentric Compounds
the head names the type, and the compound names the
subtype.
Examples:
a traffic-cop is a kind of cop
a teapot is a kind of pot
a fog-lamp is a kind of lamp
a blue-jay is a kind of jay
Exocentric Compounds
names a subtype, but the type is not represented by either
the head or the modifier in the compound.

Examples:
deadhead
redhead
pickpocket
Coordinative Compounds
compounds in which both elements are heads; each
contributes equally to the meaning of the whole and
neither is subordinate to the other.
Examples:
bitter and sweet
teacher-researcher
producer-director
Compounds expressed as phrases or clauses
Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1972, 1985)
phrases
bee-sting a sting by a bee
blood-test a test of blood
swimming pool a pool for swimming
adding machine a machine for adding
girlfriend a friend who is a girl
clauses
sunrise when the sun rises
 References:
Back- formation. Retrieve from
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/backformterm.htm
Back- forming Back- formations. Retrieve from
https://stancarey.wordpress.com/2009/04/28/back-forming-back- formations/
Definitions and Examples of Compounding Words in English. Retrieve from
http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/compoundingterm.htm
Morphology and Word Formation. Retrieve from.
http://wac.colostate.edu/books/sound/chapter5.pdf.