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Pedoman Tatalaksana Sindrom Koroner Akut 2015
Pedoman Tatalaksana Sindrom Koroner Akut 2015
SOCA <3
Kasus PBL
A 41-year-old male was admitted to the hospital, with a chief
complaint of generalized weakness since 1 day before admission.
Previously patient complained of watery diarrhea since 5 days ago (>10
times per day, yellowish stool, with phlegm, and no blood), with
nausea and vomiting (every time patients eat/drink). A week ago, he
had just just returned from the mountaineering event (hiking and
camping) for 3 days. During the activities, he often drink/ate carelessly,
in a place that was not guaranteed to be clean. Volume of urine
decreased significantly since 1 day prior to admission, approximately
100 cc per day (dark colour). Patient had no history of
diabetes/hypertension/kidney diseases. Patient is not taking any kind
of routine medicine/treatment. Patient has smoking habit (2-4
cigarettes/day) and social drinker, too (2-3 shots of wine, not every
weekend). Family history : The patient’s father has hypertension and
history of stroke. The patient’s mother suffered from diabetic
nephropathy, currently had routine hemodialysis.
PF Kasus
Normal SCr
Pria : 0.9 – 1.3 mg/dl
Wanita : 0.6 – 1.0 mg/dl
* Dipengaruhi faktor lain seperti usia, berat badan, obat-obatan
Staging
GFR={((140–age) x weight)/(72xSCr)}x
0.85 (if female)
Faktor Resiko
Etiologi
Patofisiologi
• Prerenal Azotemia
• Agen kontras
– Hypoxia medula bagian luar akibat gangguan microvaskular dan
penyumbatan pembuluh darah kecil
– Kerusakan sitotoksik karena pembentukan radikal bebas
– Penyumbatan tubulus oleh material agen kontras
• Antibiotik
– Aminoglikosida dan amphotericin B menyebabkan nekrosis tubular
– Amphotericin B
• Menyebabkan vasokonstriksi renal akibat peningkatan feedback
tubuloglomerular ataupun toksisitas tubular langsung oleh ROS
• Polyuria, hypomagnesia, hypocalcemia, nongap metabolik asidosis
– Aminoglikosida
• difilitrasi secara bebas di glomerulus dan terakumulasi di korteks
• Manifestasi 5- 7 hari setelahh terapi dan tetap ada bahkan setelah
pemberhentian obat
• Hipomagnesemia paling sering ditemukan
• Toxin Endogenous
– Myoglobin, hemoglobin, asam urat, myeloma
– Intrarenal vasokonstriksi, direct proximal tubular toxicity,
mechanical obstruction
• Toxin Ingestion
– Tertelan racun dapat menyebabkan kerusakan dan toksisitas
langsung pada tubular ginjal
• Agen Kemoterapi
– Akumulasi Cisplatin dan carboplatin di sel tubulus proksimal
menyebabkan nekrosis dan apoptosis
– Ifosfamid menyebabkan sistitis hemoragik dan toksisitas tubular
– Antiangiogenesis agent menyebabkan proteinuria dan
hipertensi melalui kerusakan mikrovaskular glomerular
Patofisiologi
• Postrenal AKI
• Obstruksi yang terjadi pada bagian pelvis hingga ujung
uretra dapat total atau parsial, sehingga menyebabkan
tekanan hidrostatik yang mendorong kembali urin ke
saluran diatasnya. Pada individu normal, obstruksi harus
terjadi pada kedua ginjal untuk terjadinya AKI.