ELEC3115

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Lecture
Maxwell’s Equations

1 DR. ZAHID MEHMOOD

Stokes’ Theorem
Stokes’ Theorem converts a surface integral of the curl of a vector to a line
integral of the vector.

Gauss’ Divergence Theorem

The volume integral of the divergence of a vector field A equals the total
outward flux of the vector through the closed surface S that bounds the
volume V:

Note that the direction of dS is always that of the outward normal.

2 DR. ZAHID MEHMOOD
Gauss’s Law of Magnetostatics:

Mag =Magnetic charge

Mag

B   B  ds 
 Mag
0 +Q -Q

S
K

 
B   B  d s  0
S

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Conservation of Charge
 Electric charges can neither be created nor destroyed.
 Since current is the flow of charge and charge is conserved,
there must be a relationship between the current flow out of
a region and the rate of change of the charge contained
within the region.

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Conservation of Charge (Cont’d)
 Consider a volume V
bounded by a closed S
surface S in a
ρv
homogeneous medium
of permittivity e and V
conductivity s
ds
containing charge
density ρv.

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Conservation of Charge (Cont’d)
 The net current leaving
V through S must be
equal to the time rate of S
decrease of the total
ρv
charge within V, i.e.,
V

ds

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Conservation of Charge (Cont’d)
 The net current leaving the region is given by

 The total charge enclosed within the region is given by

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Conservation of Charge (Cont’d)
 Hence, we have

net outflow net rate of

of current decrease of
total charge
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Continuity Equation
 Using the divergence theorem, we have

Becomes a
partial
 We also have derivative when
moved inside of
the integral
because qev is a
function of
position as well
as time.
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Continuity Equation (Cont’d)
 Thus,

 Since the above relation must be true for any and all
regions, we have
Continuity
Equation

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Ampere’s Law and the Continuity
Equation
 The differential form of Ampere’s law in the static case is

 The continuity equation is

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Ampere’s Law and the Continuity
Equation (Cont’d)
 In the time-varying case, Ampere’s law in the above form is
inconsistent with the continuity equation

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Ampere’s Law and the Continuity
Equation (Cont’d)
 To resolve this inconsistency, Maxwell modified
Ampere’s law to read

conduction displacement
current density current density

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Ampere’s Law and the Continuity
Equation (Cont’d)
 The new form of Ampere’s law is consistent with the
continuity equation as well as with the differential form of
Gauss’s law

ρv

Continuity
Equation
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Displacement Current “The capacitor paradox”.

 Ampere’s law can be written as

where

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 Displacement Current (Cont’d)
 Displacement current is the type of current
that flows between the plates of a capacitor.
 Displacement current is the mechanism which
allows electromagnetic waves to propagate in a
non-conducting medium.
 Displacement current is a consequence of the
three experimental pillars of electromagnetics.

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Lenz’s Law
 “The sense of the emf induced by the time-
varying magnetic flux is such that any current it
produces tends to set up a magnetic field that
opposes the change in the original magnetic
field.”
 Lenz’s law is a consequence of conservation of
energy.
 Lenz’s law explains the minus sign in Faraday’s
law.

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 Generalized form of Maxwell’s Equations

= Qencl

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 Maxwell’s Equations “Integral Form”

  
L H  dl  SJ  ds 
dt S
d D  ds
 B  ds  0
s

• Ampere’s Circuital Law • Guass’s Law (Magnetostatics)

  
L E  dl   dt SB  ds
d  D  ds   vdv
s
v

• Faraday’s Law • Guass’s Law (Electrostatics)

19 DR. ZAHID MEHMOOD

 Maxwell’s Equations “Differential Form”

  D 
 H  J   B  0 
t

• Guass’s Law (Magnetostatics)

• Ampere’s Circuital Law

 
 B    D  v
 E   M
t
• Guass’s Law (Electrostatics)
• Faraday’s Law

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 Maxwell’s Equations “Word Form”

Magnetic field circulates around There are no Magnetic Charges

electric current and in the universe.
changing electric flux.

• Ampere’s Circuital Law • Guass’s Law (Magnetostatics)

Electric field circulates around Electric charges spawn/radiate

Changing magnetic flux. electric flux.
OR
Changing magnetic flux produces
Electric current.

• Faraday’s Law
• Guass’s Law (Electrostatics)
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 Maxwell’s Equations “Phasor Form”
~ ~ ~ ~
  H  J  j2 fD B  0

~ 
~ ~ ~
  E   j2fB   D  

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 Gauss’s Law

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 Variable Quantities and their Units

E  Electric field (V / m)

H  Magnetic field ( A / m)

B  Magnetic Flux Density (Wb / m 2 )

D  Electric Fluix Density (C / m 2 )

J  Current Density ( A / m )
2

 v  Volume Ch arg e Density (C / m )

3

Constitutive relations :
B  H and D  eE
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 Variable Quantities and their Units

25 DR. ZAHID MEHMOOD

Residual Magnetic Field:
When an external field is applied to a ferromagnet, the dipoles in the domains
align themselves with the external field. Even when the external field is
removed, party of the alignment will be retained and the material will become
magnetized. To demagnetize the material, it would be necessary to apply a
magnetic field in the opposite direction.
BH Curve (Hysteresis Curve):
When a strong field is magnetized up to point a along the dotted line, the
domain wall movements become irreversible, and domain rotation toward the
direction of the applied field will occur. When the applied field is reduced to
zero from point a, the B-H relationship will follow along the solid line to path b.
If we apply the applied field in the opposite direction, we then follow the path
to cd. Good magnetic material will have narrow BH curve.

Hysteresis Loss:
The energy required to demagnetize the unwanted residual/retained
magnetization is wasted and called Hysteresis loss.
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 Coercivity: The resistance
of a magnetic material to
changes in magnetization,
equivalent to the field
intensity necessary to
demagnetize the fully
magnetized material.

27 DR. ZAHID MEHMOOD