Cellular Reproduction

and Genetics
 Genetics
Study of heredity and variation

Heredity – traits are passed from parents

to offspring
Variation – differences among individuals
Cell Cycle
Two stages:
Interphase
Cell division
G1 Phase
Interphase
G Phase 0
 Cell growth > non dividing
 Most of the cell’s life > Ex: nerve cells, blood cells
 Make organelles and proteins

S (Synthesis)
 DNA synthesis
 DNA replication and chromosome duplication

G2 phase
 Preparation for division
 Cell grows
Cell division
Two types:
1. Mitosis
2. Meiosis
 MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Produce 2 Produce 4
identical cells daughter cells
Same number of Reduce the
chromosome number of
chromosome by
half
Somatic cells Sex cells
 Mitosis
PROPHASE (before)
 Doubled chromosomes become visible
METAPHASE (after)
 Chromosomes line up at the equator of cell
ANAPHASE (apart)
 Chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of cell
TELOPHASE (end)
 New nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes

CYTOKINESIS
 Division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
 MEIOSIS
Meiosis I
 Prophase I
 crossing over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosome

 Metaphase I
 Anaphase I
 Telophase I
Meiosis II
 Prophase II
 Metaphase II
 Anaphase II
 Telophase II
Gametes
The Male Gamete is the Sperm
and is produced in the male gonad
the Testes.

The Female Gamete is the Ovum

(ova = pl.) and is produced in the
female gonad the Ovaries.
Fertilization

 The fusion of a sperm and egg to form a zygote.

 A zygote is a fertilized egg

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote
 Meiosis in males is called
spermatogenesis and produces sperm.

Meiosis in females is called oogenesis

and produces ova.
 Spermatogenesis
Secondary Spermatocyte n=23
human
sex cell
sperm
Primary Spermatocyte n=23
n=23

2n=46 Secondary Spermatocyte

haploid (n)
n=23
diploid (2n) n=23

4 sperm cells are

produced from each n=23
primary spermatocyte.
meiosis I meiosis II
Oogenesis

*** The polar bodies die… only one ovum

(egg) is produced from each primary oocyte.