MULTICAST PROTOCOLS

PRESENTED BY
SPANDANA N
Introduction

 It’s an efficient mean of sending packet from a single source

to group of receivers simultaneously on a network.
 Multicast can be one-to-many or many-to-many distribution.
 Multicasting is done by sending the unicast packets.
Multicast Routing
Advantages of Multicasting

 Enhanced Efficiency
 Optimized performances
 Distributed Applications
 Efficient usage of Bandwidth
Multicast Protocols
Source Based Tree

 Tree is formed bases on the source.

 It is based on both the Source Address
that the packets originated from and the
Group address G that the packets
are addressed .
Group Shared Tree
 All multicast source register themselves to one
center point known as RP(Rendezvous point).
 When the host request for any multicast
stream, the concern router will send that
request to mapped RP.
The RP will redirect it to source.
DISTANCE VECTOR MULTICASTING
PROTOCOL [DVMRP]
 DVMRP uses the broadcast-and-prune method to build
a separate source-based tree for every multicast source.
 It uses a variant of RIP to discover the shortest path to the
source ”hence the name “Distance Vector Multicast
Routing Protocol”.
 Each multicast tree is maintained dynamically by
pruning and grafting branches as group members leave
and join the group.
OPERATION

 The first task when a DVMRP router comes online is to

discover its neighbors using Probe packets
 It makes three decisions during the process:
1. Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
2. Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
3. Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)
 Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF)
 To prevent loops, only one copy is forwarded;
the other copies are dropped.
 In RPF, a router forwards only the copy that
has traveled the shortest path from the source
to the router.
 The router extracts the source address of
the multicast packet and consults its
unicast routing table.
Reverse Path Broadcasting (RPB)
 To eliminate the duplication of packets ,
only one router is assigned as parent router
for each network(fig 1)
 In RPB, for each source, the router sends
Fig 1
the packet only out of those interfaces
for which it is the designated parent
 The designated parent router can be
the router with the shortest path to the source.

Fig 2
Reverse Path Multicasting (RPM)

 RPM adopts the procedures of Pruning and

Grafting
 Pruning: A router can send a prune message
to its upstream router whenever it finds that its
network is not interested in a multicast packet.
Pruning
In this way a router prunes (cuts) its network
from multicasting.
 Grafting:The graft message forces the
upstream router to resume sending the
multicast messages
Grafting
Drawbacks of DVMRP

 The main drawbacks of Distance Vector are limited scalability due

to slow convergence time, bandwidth consumption and routing
loops.
 Packets are unnecessarily received by all routers.
 Routers receive duplicate packets.
PROTOCOL INDEPENDENT MULTICAST
 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) is a collection of
multicast routing protocols, each optimized for a
different environment.
 Though PIM is multicast protocol but it takes help of
existing unicast routing protocol to make RPF check and
to perform multicast routing/forwarding function
 It doesn’t send or receive multicast routing updates like
other routing protocols.
 There are two main PIM protocols:
 PIM Sparse Mode
 PIM Dense Mode
PIM Dense Mode
 PIM-DM only supports source trees and
can not be used for shared trees
 PIM-DM uses “Push” model to send
multicast data down to receivers.
 PIM-DM floods multicast data to all the
corners of the network and the routers
which do not have any downstream
receiver prune back the unwanted traffic.
.
PIM Dense Mode

Advantges
 It is simpler to set up.
 It does not have any points of
failure.
Disadvantage
 It floods multicasts more
extensively, so it consumes more
bandwidth.
 It does not allow source-specific
multicast routing.
 It does not allow to implement
multicast boundaries, which divide
a system into multiple multicast
domains.
PIM Sparse Mode

 PIM-SM uses shared trees to forward multicast

data.
 PIM-SM uses “Pull” model to send multicast
data down to receivers.
 Initially only shared tree will be created and
depending upon the configuration options,
traffic can remain in shared tree or can switch
to optimal source tree.
 PIM-SM uses the concept of RP.
PIM-SM sender registration PIM-SM traffic flow
PIM SparseMode
Advanatges
 It minimizes flooding of multicast
traffic and so uses bandwidth
more efficiently.
 It allows you to implement source-
specific multicast routing.
 It allows you to implement
multicast boundaries.
 When planned properly, it is just as
resilient as PIM-DM.
Disadvantages
 It is more complicated to set up.
You must choose rendezvous
points (RPs) for multicast groups or
ranges of multicast groups.
 RPs can be points of failure.
However, a system can include
multiple candidate RPs (C-RPs) to
provide resiliency.
Key challenges in Multicast

 Need authentication, authorization

 Encryption of data
 Key distribution
 Still an active area of research
THANK YOU