CELL ORGANELLES

DESCRIPTION:
Irregular shaped.
Granular
DEFINITION:
network of membrane
It is a network of intercoming membranes distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
it is connected with plasma membrane, Golgi bodies and nuclear membrane . depending upon presence or absence of ribosomes on the surface, there
are two types of ER.
ROUGH ER(RER) : characterised by presence of ribosomes on the surface.
SMOOTH ER(SER): Devoid of ribosomes on its surface.

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

FUNCTION:
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: ROUGH ER is the site for protein synthesis.
LIPID SYNTHESIS: SMOOTH ER is the site for lipid synthesis.
Forms cytoskeleton (supporting framework of cell.)
Provides intracellular transport system.
Provides surface for cell secretion and storage.
Helps in making cell membrane ( membrane biogenesis)
Gives external support to the cytoplasm. Keeps various organelles in place.
 DEFINITION:
They are called powerhouse of the cell
because they contain enzymes necessary
for the total oxidation of food and for
release of high amount of energy in the
form of ATP.
MITOCHONDRIA
FUNCTIONS:
Mitochondria contains enzymes necessary
for the total oxidation of food for the
release of high amount of energy in the
form of ATP (ENERGY CURRENCY )
DESCRIPTION:
Double walled bag like structure.
It is bounded by two membrane- outer membrane is smooth and porous
while inner membrane is folded inward from cristae.
Cristae contains oxysomes they are partially embedded in inner
membrane.
Granule, thread like structure.
DNA and ribosomes make the mitochondria semi- autosomes as they are
able to manufacture some of their own proteins and enzymes.
 DESCRIPTION:
DEFINITION:
Golgi is a simple complex in animal cells.
It is an organelle of membrane bound flattered sacs named cisternae, tubules and
In plants they form separate units called dictyosomes.
vesicles. They are present near nucleus.
Membrane bounds sacs of Golgi are called CISTERNAE.

GOLGI COMPLEX

FUNCTIONS:
It is involved in secretion or excretion.
Formation of acrosomes of sperms.
Lysosomes are formed by Golgi apparatus.
Secretion or excretion done by packing in vesicles for passage to the outside.
Storage, modification and packaging of various biochemical.
Complex and special sugars are made.

DEFINITION:
These are the large cell organelle only found in plant cells which
are specialized to synthesize and store organic substances.
DESCRIPTION:
Plastids are of two types:
Leucoplast: colorless, cylindrical/round, found in exposed cells,
storage of food, can change to other types.
Chloroplast: colored, brown, reddish or green in color (contain
carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll), irregular, found in exposed
and unexposed cells, do not store food, provide coloration of
organ.

PLASTIDS

FUNCTIONS:
Chromoplast provide color to fruits and flowers and attract the
animals to help in pollination and fruit dispersal.
Leucoplasts store food.
Chloroplast trap solar energy to manufacture food through
photosynthesis.

DEFINITION:
Fluid filled or solid filled spaces covered with tonoplast.
They are of three types: sap vacuole, food vacuole and
contractile vacuole.
DESCRIPTION:
Covering membrane of vacuole is called tonoplast.
The fluid filled content of the vacuole which contains
organic and inorganic substances like amino acid, protein is
called sap.
Tiny vacuoles are present in animals but large in plants.

VACUOLES

FUNCTIONS:
Keeps cells turgid and maintain osmotic equilibrium.
Tonoplast being semi permeable secrete waste and
nutrients

DEFINITION:
These are small spherical vesicles covered by single membrane
containing 40 different digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion
and waste disposal.
DESCRIPTION:
Microbodies, generally found in animal cells they lack in plant cell.
These enzymes are synthesized by RER.
In damaged cell, lysosomes burst to release enzymes for digestion of
cellular components.
These are also called suicidal bags.

LYSOSOMES

FUNCTIONS:
Destruction of foreign particles.
Intracellular digestion
Removal of cell debris.
Metamorphosis.
Special type of lysosomes are present on the head of the
sperms.(acrosomes).