By

Dr. Saima Naveed

IMPORTANCE OF WATER FOR ANIMAL BODY
LECTURE 6
CONTD…

 Concentration on Earth= 70%

 Concentration in embryo= 95%

 In newly born calf = 75-80%

 At 5 Months of age =65-70 %

 In adult= 50%
FUNCTIONS
 Essential for survival of body
 Helps in maintenance of body temperature
 Important part of body fluids
 Helps in absorption of nutrients
 Helps in removal of waste products from body
 Required to control all biochemical reactions
 Save heart from outer shocks
 Maintains acid base balance
CONTROLLING BODY TEMPERATURE

 All mammals maintain a constant body

temperature.
 Human beings have a body temperature of about
37ºC
 . E.g. If your body is in a hot environment your body
temperature is 37ºC
 If your body is in a cold environment your body
temperature is still 37ºC
WHAT MECHANISMS ARE THERE TO COOL THE
BODY DOWN?
 Sweating
 When your body is hot, sweat glands are
stimulated to release sweat.
 The liquid sweat turns into a gas (it evaporates)

 To do this, it needs heat.

 It gets that heat from your skin.

 As your skin loses heat, it cools down.

WHAT MECHANISMS ARE THERE TO COOL THE
BODY DOWN?
 Vasodilation
 Your blood carries most of the heat energy around your
body.
 There are capillaries underneath your skin that can be filled
with blood if you get too hot.
 This brings the blood closer to the surface of the skin so
more heat can be lost.
 This is why you look red when you are hot! If the
temperature rises, the blood vessel dilates (gets bigger).


SOURCES OF WATER

 Drinking water
 Water present in feed stuffs

 Metabolic water
WATER WITH IN ANIMAL BODY

 In 2 compartments
 Intra cellular water = 70 %

 Extra cellular = 30 % ( 3/4th in interstitial

spaces & 1/4th in blood plasma )
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE

 Thirst
 ADH
STRUCTURE OF ADH
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
WHY DO WE CARE IF A BOND IS
IONIC OR COVALENT?
 All physical and chemical properties of a compound depend on
the character of the bonds.
 Solubility in water (general rule - like dissolves like)
 Water is a polar covalent solvent - 39% ionic & 61% covalent
 - meaning there is a positive and a negative pole to the
molecule.
 Water dissolves ionic solids (e.g., NaCl, K2SO4) very well. On
the other hand, polar water is a very poor solvent for many
organic compounds, e.g., toxic benzene (C6H6).
Water is known as the universal

c. solvent
A substance that has the
ability to dissolve both bases
and acids, such as water is
called a “universal solvent.
Everything else dissolves in
water as well... stone, iron,
pots, pans, plates, sugar,
salt, and coffee beans.
 Water is the only substance that is found naturally on
earth in three forms: liquid, gas, solid.

True
Water can commonly be
seen in the solid, liquid and
gaseous state on Earth.
 Water boils & evaporates quicker at high altitude, than
at the sea level.
True
or 202 oF @ At sea level water boils at 100o
7,800 ft C. At 2,400 m, water boils at
92o C. This is because as the
altitude gets higher, the lower
212 oF
air pressure makes it easier for
the water molecules to break
their bonds and attraction to
each other and, thus, it boils
more easily.
 Sea water is slightly more alkaline or basic (the pH
value is higher) than most natural fresh water.
True
Neutral water (such as distilled
water) has a pH of 7, which is in
the middle of being acidic and
alkaline. Seawater happens to be
slightly alkaline (basic), with a pH
of about 8. Most natural water has
a pH of between 6-8, and acid
rain can have a pH as low as 4.
 It takes more energy to heat cold water to 212o F (100 o C)
than it does to change “boiling” water at 212o F (100 o C)
to steam.
False
It takes 5x as much
energy to turn boiling
water into steam then it
takes raise cool water to
boiling point @ 212o F .
!
Rainwater is the purest form of water.

False
Precipitation of any kind
(snow, rain, hail) contains
dissolved minerals, gasses,
acids, dust, pollen grains,
viruses and microorganisms!

Distilled water is the purest!

Water contracts (gets smaller) when it freezes.

False

Water expands when it

freezes and becomes
less dense unlike most
other sunstances.
WATER CYCLE SPHERE

 Hydrosphere
 Atmosphere

 Biosphere

 Lithosphere
HYDROSPHERE

 Water moves from the earth to the atmosphere through

the processes of evaporation and transpiration.
 Evaporation is the transformation of water from its liquid
form to its gaseous form as a result of coming in contact
with heat or the air.
 Transpiration is the process of plants releasing water
through their leaves

ATMOSPHERE

 Air that holds moisture until it falls as precipitatio

n.
 Precipitation is the moisture from the atmosphere
that is returned to the earth in the form of snow or
rain.
BIOSPHERE & LITHOSPHERE

 Includes all plant and animal life which are

 consumers of water.

 Land where water falls as precipitation.

CATEGORIES OF SALINE WATER

 Freshwater
 Saltwater
 Brackish water

Freshwater (Water with less than 3.0 parts per thousand (ppt)
of salt.Most commonly found in drilled wells, streams, and lakes. Only 3 percent of the
water on the earth is considered freshwater, of this 3 percent only 1 percent is available
for use.)
Saltwater (Water with 16.5 ppt or more of salt. Some ocean and sea water is as high as
33 to 37 ppt. Saltwater makes up about 97 percent of the earth’s water.

Brackish Water (A mixture of saltwater and freshwater.Brackish water is found where

freshwater flows into the ocean or other bodies of saltwater).