Allocating IP Addressing by

Using Dynamic Host

Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
Overview

IP Address
The Role of DHCP in the Network Infrastructure
Adding and Authorizing a DHCP Server Service
Configuring a DHCP Scope
Configuring a DHCP Reservation
Configuring DHCP Options
IP Address
Private IP address range
Class A: 10.X.X.X
Class B: 172.16.X.X – 172.31.X.X
Class C: 192.168.0.X – 192.168.255.X
Public IP address
Required by devices and hosts that
connect directly to the Internet
Must be unique
Routable on the Internet
Private IP address
Non-routable on the Internet
Can be locally assigned by
organization
Must be translated to access the
Internet
The Role of DHCP in the Network Infrastructure

The objective of this media is to provide a

high-level overview of DHCP in the network
infrastructure
At the end of this presentation, you will be
able to:
 Explain what DHCP is
 Describe how DHCP works
 Explain how DHCP broadcast messages
can transit through router
Lesson: Adding and Authorizing a DHCP Server Service

Why Use DHCP?

How DHCP Allocates IP Addresses
How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works
How the DHCP Lease Renewal Process Works
How to Add a DHCP Server Service
How a DHCP Server Service Is Authorized
How to Authorize a DHCP Server Service
Why Use DHCP?
DHCP reduces the complexity and amount of administrative work by using
automatic TCP/IP configuration
Manual TCP/IP Configuration
IP addresses are entered manually
on each client computer
Possibility of entering incorrect or
invalid IP address
Incorrect configuration can lead to
communication and network issues
Administrative overload on networks
where computers are frequently
moved
Automatic TCP/IP Configuration
IP addresses are supplied
automatically to client computers
Ensures that clients always use
correct configuration information
Client configuration is updated
automatically to reflect changes in
network structure
Eliminates a common source of
network problems
How DHCP Allocates IP Addresses

DHCP Client2:
Non-DHCP Client: IP configuration
Static IP from DHCP server
configuration

Lease Renewal

Lease Generation

DHCP Server

DHCP Client1: DHCP

IP configuration Database
from DHCP server
IP Address1: Leased to DHCP Client1
IP Address2: Leased to DHCP Client2
IP Address3: Available to be leased
How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works

DHCP
Server2

DHCP DHCP
Server1 Client

1 DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet

2 DHCP servers broadcast a DHCPOFFER packet

3 DHCP client broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST packet

4 DHCP Server1 broadcasts a DHCPACK packet

How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works

DHCPDISCOVER message
 Is used to request an IP address
 Sent when the client boots up on the network
 Uses the following standard address information
Address of client: 0.0.0.0
Broadcast destination address: 255.255.255.255
 Contains the following information
Media Access Control (MAC) address of the requesting
NIC
NetBIOS name of the client
How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works

DHCPOFFER message
 Is a response to a DHCPDISCOVER message
 Contains the following information
IP address of the DHCP server which is offering the IP
address
MAC address of the DHCP server
The offered IP address
The subnet mask associated with the offered IP address
The lease duration/period
MAC address of the client
How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works

DHCPREQUEST message
 Indicates that the client is requesting the particular IP
address for lease
 All other DHCP servers who offered addresses can
withdraw those addresses
How the DHCP Lease Generation Process Works

DHCP Acknowledge message

 DHCP server assigns the IP address lease to the DHCP
client
 Contains the following information
IP address to be assigned to the client
Any other TCP/IP configuration information
DHCPNACK message
 Indicates that the DHCP server is withdrawing its
previously offered IP address
 Is sent when the IP address which was previously offered
is no longer valid
How the DHCP Lease Renewal Process Works

DHCP
Server2

DHCP Client
DHCP
Server1

87.5%
100%
50% ofof
oflease
lease
lease
duration has
expired

1If theDHCP
client Client
client sends
renewaait’s
fails tosends DHCPREQUEST
DHCPREQUEST
its lease,
lease, after
after 50% packet
packet
87.5%of of
thethe
lease
lease duration
has
expired, then then
has expired, the DHCP leaselease
the DHCP generation
renewalprocess
processstarts over again
will begin again
2afteraDHCP
with DHCPServer1
87.5% ofclient sends a DHCPACK
broadcasting
the lease duration ahas packet
DHCPDISCOVER
expired
How the DHCP Lease Renewal Process Works

DHCPRELEASE message
 DHCP client sends to DHCP server before its specified
lease duration limit is reached
 Requesting the DHCP server to allow it to continue using
the same IP address
DHCPDECLINE message
 Sent by the DHCP client to the DHCP server
 Indicates that the DHCP client is refusing the IP
addresses offered by the particular DHCP server
How to Add a DHCP Server Service

Your instructor will demonstrate how to:

Prepare to add a DHCP Server service

Add a DHCP Server service
 How a DHCP Server Service Is Authorized

If DHCP
DHCPServer1
Server1finds its IP
checks address
with the
on the list,
domain the service
controller starts
to obtain andof
a list
Domain supports DHCP
authorized DHCP clients
servers
Controller
DHCP Server1

Authorized
Active Services DHCP
Directory
requests

DHCP Server2
DHCP Client Unauthorized
Does not service
IfDHCP
DHCP
DHCPclient
Server2
Server2 checks
does
receives not
IP with
findthe
addressits IP DHCP requests
DHCP
domain
address onclient receives
controller IP address
to obtain
the list, the service a does
list ofnot
from
from authorized
authorized DHCP
DHCP Server1
Server1
authorized
start and supportDHCP servers
DHCP clients

DHCP authorization is the process of registering the DHCP Server service in the Active
Directory domain to support DHCP clients
How a DHCP Server Service Is Authorized

DHCPINFORM message
 DHCP server
Used when the DHCP service queries Active Directory to
verify that the DHCP server is authorized to offer IP
addresses to DHCP clients
 DHCP client
When the DHCP client has an IP address, the message
is used to obtain DHCP options
Lesson: Configuring a DHCP Scope

What Are DHCP Scopes?

How to Configure a DHCP Scope
What Are DHCP Scopes?

A scope is a range of IP addresses that are available to be leased

DHCP Server

LAN A LAN B
Scope A Scope B

Scope Properties
Network ID Lease duration Scope name
Subnet mask Router Exclusion range
Network IP
address range
How to Configure a DHCP Scope

Your instructor will demonstrate how to:

Configure a DHCP scope

Activate a DHCP scope
Practice: Configuring a DHCP Scope

In this practice, you will configure a DHCP

scope
Lesson: Configuring a DHCP Reservation

What Is a DHCP Reservation?

How to Configure a DHCP Reservation
 What Is a DHCP Reservation?

A reservation is a specific IP address, within a scope, that is

permanently reserved for leased use to a specific DHCP client

Workstation 1 File and Print

Server

Subnet A Subnet B

DHCP Server
Workstation 2

IP Address1: Leased to Workstation 1

IP Address2: Leased to Workstation 2
IP Address3: Reserved for File and Print Server
How to Configure a DHCP Reservation

Your instructor will demonstrate how to:

Configure a DHCP reservation

Verify a DHCP reservation
Practice: Configuring a DHCP Reservation

In this practice, you will configure a DHCP

reservation
Lesson: Configuring DHCP Options

What Are DHCP Options?

How DHCP Server, Scope, and Reserved Client Options Are
Applied
How to Configure DHCP Options
What Are DHCP Options?

DHCP options are configuration parameters that a DHCP service

assigns to clients along with the IP address and default gateway

DHCP Client IP Configuration Data

DHCP Client
Client’s IP address
Client’s subnet mask
DHCP options such as:
 Router’s IP address
 DNS server’s IP address
 WINS server’s IP address
 DNS domain name
DHCP Server
How to Configure DHCP Options

Your instructor will demonstrate how to:

Configure a DHCP server option

Configure a DHCP scope option
Practice: Configuring DHCP Options

In this practice, you will configure DHCP options

Lesson: DHCP Relay Agent

What Is a DHCP Relay Agent?

How a DHCP Relay Agent Works
How a DHCP Relay Agent Uses Boot Threshold
 What Is a DHCP Relay Agent?

A DHCP relay agent is a computer or router configured to listen for DHCP/BOOTP

broadcasts from DHCP clients and then relay those messages to DCHP servers
on different subnets

DHCP Relay Agent DHCP Server

Unicast

Broadcast Broadcast
Subnet A Subnet B

Routers

Client Client Client Client

How a DHCP Relay Agent Works

DHCP Relay Agent DHCP Server

Client2 Router Client3

Client1 Non-RFC 1542 Compliant

1 Client1 broadcasts a DHCPDISCOVER packet

2 Relay agent forwards the DHCPDISCOVER message to the DHCP server

3 Server sends a DHCPOFFER message to the DHCP relay agent

4 Relay agent broadcasts the DHCPOFFER packet

5 Client1 broadcasts a DHCPREQUEST packet

6 Relay agent forwards the DHCPREQUEST message to the DHCP server

7 Server sends a DHCPACK message to the DHCP relay agent

8 Relay agent broadcasts the DHCPACK packet
 How a DHCP Relay Agent Uses Boot Threshold

The boot threshold is the length of time in seconds that the DHCP Relay
Agent will wait for a local DHCP server to respond to client requests before
forwarding the request

Boot Threshold DHCP Server 2

= 10 seconds
DHCP Relay Agent

Local DHCP
Server
DHCP Server 3