LTE INTRODUCTION

Why LTE?
› High data rates
– Downlink: >100 Mbps/ can be more with MIMO
– Uplink: >50 Mbps
– Cell-edge data rates 2-3 x HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006)

› Low delay/latency
– User plane RTT: < 10 ms RAN RTT (fewer nodes, shorter TTI)
– Channel set-up: < 100 ms idle-to-active (fewer nodes, shorter messages, quicker node resp.)

› High spectral efficiency

– Targeting 3 X HSPA Rel. 6 (@ 2006 )

› Spectrum flexibility
– Operation in a wide-range of spectrum allocations, new and existing
– Wide range of Bandwidth: 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz, FDD and TDD

› Simplicity – Less signaling, Auto Configuration e-NodeB

› Cost-effective migration from current/future 3G systems
› State-of-the-art towards 4G
› Focus on services from the packet-switched domain
 Network Architecture
GSM/WCDMA LTE/SAE
Enode B:
• Radio Resource Management/Control, Radio
Admission Control,
• Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation
of resources to LTE UEs in both Uplink and
Downlink (scheduling)
• IP header compression and encryption
• Selection of MME at LTE UE attachment.
• Routing User Plane data to LTE SAE Gateway
• Scheduling and transmission of paging /Broadcast
S-GW :
• User plane anchor for inter-eNodeB mobility and
handovers;
• User plane anchor for mobility between 2G/3G
and LTE;
• Assist the eNodeB during inter-eNodeB handover
(data forwarding);
• Downlink packet buffering and initiation of
triggering for paging idle mode UEs;
• Packet routing and forwarding;
• Transport level downlink and uplink packet
marking;
• Lawful interception ;
• Charging for data roaming.
The MME main tasks are:
• NAS signalling and security;
• Authentication and authorization;
• Session and mobility management,
• UE paging TRACKING control and execution;
• Inter (CN) node signaling;
• MME/SGSN selection for handovers;
• S-GW and P-GW selection / Roaming
• Lawful interception for signaling traffic;
• CSFB/ SRVCC for mobility from LTE to CS
P-GW • Gateway towards PDNs (i.e.
Internet/intranets/operator services);
• Packet routing and forwarding;
• Bearer management;
• UE IP address allocation;
• Policy and Charging Enforcement Function
(PCEF);
• Accounting and offline/online charging
support for data;
• Packet filtering (optionally deep packet
inspection);
• Lawful interception;
• User plane anchor for mobility between 3GPP
and non-3GPP access systems.
Besides
 Multiple Access Approaches
Frequency Time Spread Code Orthogonal
Division Division Spectrum Division Frequency
Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple Division
Access Access Access Access Multiple
Access

frequency
frequency frequency

Each User has a unique
frequency
(1 voice channel per user)
position within the time slot
All users transmit at the
same time
AMPS, NMT, TACS
Each User has a unique Each Transmitter has a Each User and each channel
time slot unique has a unique
Scrambling Code Time and Frequency
Each Data Channel has a Resource
unique
Each Data Channel has a
unique Channelization
Many users are separated in
code
frequency and/or time
Several users share the
Many users share the
same frequency LTE, Wimax
same frequency and time
(WLAN 802.11a,g, DAB radio)
IS-95, cdma2000,
IS-136, GSM, PDC
WCDMA
Why SC-FDMA on UL?
Answer: To avoid PAPR.
High PAPR cause more power loss at Transmitter.
LTE Resource Block

RE: Resource Element:=One Modulation

symbol on a sub carrier
RB: Resource Block= 7 OFDM(Short CP) or 6
OFDM(Long CP) x 12 Sub Carriers
SB: Scheduling Block= 2 * RB
LTE Channel Mapping
 LTE LOGICAL CHANNELS
• The logical channels cover the data carried over the radio interface. The Service Access Point, SAP
between MAC sub layer and the RLC sub layer provides the logical channel.
• Control channels: these LTE control channels carry the control plane information:

– Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) : This control channel provides system information to all mobile
terminals connected to the eNodeB.
– Paging Control Channel (PCCH) : This control channel is used for paging information when searching a unit
on a network.
– Common Control Channel (CCCH) : This channel is used for random access information, e.g. for actions
including setting up a connection.
– Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) : This control channel is used for Information needed for multicast
reception.
– Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) : This control channel is used for carrying user-specific control
information, e.g. for controlling actions including power control, handover, etc..
• Traffic channels: These LTE traffic channels carry the user-plane data:

– Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) : This traffic channel is used for the transmission of user data.
– Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH) : This channel is used for the transmission of multicast data.
• It will be seen that many of the LTE channels bear similarities to those sued in previous generations
of mobile telecommunications.
 LTE TRANSPORT CHANNELS
• The LTE transport channels vary between the uplink and the downlink as each has
different requirements and operates in a different manner. Physical layer transport
channels offer information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher
layers.
• Downlink:

– Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH)
– Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for downlink
data transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
– Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH
– Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH information to
set up multicast transmissions.
•
Uplink:

– Uplink Shared Channel (UL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for uplink data
transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
– Random Access Channel (RACH) : This is used for random access requirements.
 LTE PHYSICAL CHANNELS
• Downlink:
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): This physical channel carries system information for UEs
requiring to access the network. It only carries what is termed Master Information Block, MIB,
messages.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : As the name implies the PCFICH informs the
UE about the format of the signal being received. It indicates the number of OFDM symbols used
for the PDCCHs, whether 1, 2, or 3.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : The main purpose of this physical channel is to carry
mainly scheduling information of different types: Downlink resource scheduling
– Uplink power control instructions, Uplink resource grant, Indication for paging or system information
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : This channel is used to report the Hybrid ARQ
status. It carries the HARQ ACK/NACK.

• UPLINK:
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) : The Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH provides
the various control signaling requirements.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : This physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the
Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) : This uplink physical channel is used for random access
functions.
LTE PROTOCOL STACK
 QCI IN LTE
Quality of Service Class Identifier: QCI is a mechanism used in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks to
ensure bearer traffic is allocated appropriate Quality of Service (QoS). Different bearer traffic requires different
QoS and therefore different QCI values

Allocation and Retention priority: ARP refers to priority in terms of allocation of a service / bearer i.e.
if the eNB is highly loaded and a UE would like to setup VoIP (higher ARP priority) and WWW (lower ARP priority),
the eNB would typically set only VoLTE session, in order not to get overloaded. Or in other case if it is already
overloaded it would remove the bearers / services with lower ARP priorities.
LTE BEARERS
 LTE SIBs
LTE system
information Description
blocks
Carries physical layer information of LTE cell which in turn help receive further SIs, i.e. system
MIB
bandwidth
Contains information regarding whether or not UE is allowed to access the LTE cell. It also defines
SIB1
the scheduling of the other SIBs. carries cell ID, MCC, MNC, TAC, SIB mapping.

Carries common channel as well as shared channel information. It also carries RRC, uplink power
SIB2
control, preamble power ramping, uplink Cyclic Prefix Length, sub-frame hopping, uplink EARFCN

SIB3 carries cell re-selection information as well as Intra frequency cell re-selection information

carries Intra Frequency Neighbors(on same frequency); carries serving cell and neighbor cell
frequencies required for cell reselection as well handover between same RAT base stations(GSM
SIB4
BTS1 to GSM BTS2) and different RAT base stations(GSM to WCDMA or GSM to LTE or between
WCDMA to LTE etc.) . Covers E-UTRA and other RATs as mentioned

Carries Inter Frequency Neighbors(on different frequency); carries E-UTRA LTE frequencies, other
SIB5
neighbor cell frequencies from other RATs. The purpose is cell reselection and handover.
carries WCDMA neighbors information i.e. carries serving UTRA and neighbor cell frequencies
SIB6
useful for cell re-selection
carries GSM neighbours information i.e. Carries GERAN frequencies as well as GERAN neighbor cell
SIB7
frequencies. It is used for cell re-selection as well as handover purpose.

SIB8 carries CDMA-2000 EVDO frequencies, CDMA-2000 neighbor cell frequencies.

SIB9 carries HNBID (Home eNodeB Identifier)
SIB10 carries ETWS prim. notification
SIB11 carries ETWS sec. notification
 LTE EVENTS
Event Type Description
Event A1 Serving becomes better than threshold
Event A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold
Event A3 Neighbour becomes offset better than serving
Event A4 Neighbour becomes better than threshold
Event A5 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and neighbour becomes better than threshold2
Event B1 Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than threshold
Event B2 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold2

http://niviuk.free.fr/lte_event.php
LTE CALL FLOW

RRC SETUP

ERAB SETUP