IGCSE

COORDINATED
SCIENCE YEAR 1
 Table of contents
BIOLOGY
B1. Cells
B2. Movement in and out of cells
B3. Biological molecules
B4. Plant nutrition
B5. Animal nutrition
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CHEMISTRY PHYSICS
C1. Plant Earth P1. Making measurements
C2. The nature of matter P2. Describing motion
C3. Elements and compounds P3. Forces and motions
C4. Chemical reactions P4. Turning effects of forces
C6. Quantitative chemistry P5. Forces and matters
C7. How far how fast P6. Energy transformations
and energy transfers
P7. Energy resources
P8. Work and power
Biology
Is the study of living things, called
organisms.

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 B1. Cells
There are 3 parts
 B1.01 Characteristics of living
things

Living organisms have seven

features making them
different from other objects

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 The 7 characteristics are

1. Movement
2. Respiration
3. Sensitivity
4. Growth
5. Reproduction
6. Excretion
7. Nutrition

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 An action by an organism
Movement causing a change of position
or place
The chemical reactions in cells
Respiration that break down nutrient
molecules and release
energy
The ability to detect and
Sensitivity respond to changes in the
environment

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 A permanent increase in size
Growth
The process of making more of
Reproduction the same kind of organism

Removal from organisms of toxic

Excretion materials and substances in
excess of requirements

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 Taking in of materials for
Nutrition energy, growth and
development

#Bonus: All living organisms are

made of cell(s)

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 B1.02 Cells

All organism are made of

cells. They are really small, so
large organisms contain up to
billions of cells. Some
organisms are unicellular (
made of 1 cell )

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There are 2 main types of
cells: animal and plant

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Cell structure
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 Cell membrane

Plants Animals
Have a cell membrane Have a cell membrane
which is partially which is partially
membrane, deciding membrane, deciding
what goes in and out what goes in and out
the cells. It is a really the cells. It is a really
thin layer of protein and thin layer of protein and
fat fat

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 Cell wall
Plants Animals
All plant cells are Have no cell walls
surrounded by a cell wall,
mainly made of cellulose.
Cellulose belongs to the
polysaccharides group.
The pattern of cellulose
fibres is criss-cross over
one another, making a
really strong covering,
stops the cells from
15 bursting.
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 Cytoplasm
Plants
Is a clear jelly. 70% of it is
water, many substances
dissolve in it, especially
protein. Metabolic
reactions take place in the
cytoplasm.
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Animals
Is a clear jelly. 70% of it is
water, many substances
dissolve in it, especially
protein. Metabolic
reactions take place in the
cytoplasm.
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 Vacuoles

Animals
Plants
Animals have really small
Is a space in cells, vacuoles, containing water or
surrounded by membrane. It nutrients. The small membrane-
contains a solution called bound spaces are called
cell sap ( sugars and other vesicles.
substances ). Vacuoles are
large. A full vacuole presses
outwards on the rest of the
cell, keeps the cell in shape

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 Chloroplasts
The cells in the green part of
plants have chloroplasts. It has
a green pigment called
chlorophyll. This absorbs
energy from sunlight for
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts
contain starch grains
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✘ Animals don’t have
chloroplast
✘ They don’t store
starch but store
granules of other
substances similar
to starch –
glycogen, which is
stored in cytoplasm
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 Nucleus
Plants
• Stores genetic information
• Helps making right sort of
protein
• Information is stored in the
chromosomes, which is
made of DNA
• Nucleus controls the
activities of the cell
• This part can be seen most
easily
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Animals
• Stores genetic information
• Helps making right sort of
protein
• Information is stored in the
chromosomes, which is
made of DNA
• Nucleus controls the
activities of the cell
• This part can be seen most
easily
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 B1.03 Cells and organisms

A large organism contains a

million of cells. Not all cells
are alike. Some cells are
specialized to do some better
then other cells do

Specialized cells

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 SOME SPECIAIZED CELLS

Animals Plants
Ciliated cells Root hair cells
Sperm cells Palisade mesophyll
Egg cells cells
Red blood cells

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 Ciliated cells

Where: in the lining of the trachea and bronchi

F unction: Move mucus upward the back of throat.
Protect the lungs from micro-organisms

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 Root hair cell

Where: Near
end the of the
plant roots

F unction:
Absorbs water
and minerals

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 Palisade mesophyll cell

Where: Leaf’s palisade

mesophyll layer

F unction: Maximize the

ability to photosynthesize by
having a lot of chloroplasts

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 Sperm cells

Where: In testes
F unction: fuse with
egg cells to form
zygotes
0.05 mm in length

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 Egg cells

Where: In ovaries
F unction: fuse with
sperm cells to form
zygotes
0.1 mm in length

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 Red blood cells

Where: in blood,
made in bones

F unction: Transfer
oxygen around the
body.

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✘ Past papers

Link

Link

✘ Link
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B2. Movement in and
out cells
There are 2 parts
 B2.01 Diffusion

D efinition: the net movement of molecules and ions from a region

of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration,
down the concentration gradient, as a result of their random
movements.

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 B2.02 Osmosis
Is the net movement of water
molecules from a region of higher
water potential to the region of lower
water potential, through a partially
permeable membrane

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 Past papers

Past papers

Past papers

Past papers

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B3. Biological molecules
There are 4 parts
 B3.01 Carbohydrates
Carbs include starches and
sugars. They are made of 3
elements C,H,O

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Carbohydrates are molecules of repeating
simple sugars called saccharides
(Glucose)
Types of sugars
✘ Monosacchari ✘ Disaccharide ✘ Polysacchari
de - Made of two de
- Is the simplest monosaccharid - Made of many
form of sugar e joined saccharides
together. joined together
- E.g.: Glucose (up to
C6H12O6 - E.g.: Sucrose, thousands)
- They are Maltose - Insoluble and
water-soluble - Soluble and don’t taste
and taste taste sweet sweet.
sweet. - Animal:
Glycogen
- Plant: starch,
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Disaccharide

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Polysaccharide

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 Carbohydrate’s functions
✘ Release energy by respiration: One g of carb
releases 17kJ of energy
✘ Glucose is most commonly used
✘ For transportation: in animals (dissolved
glucose), in plants: sucrose
✘ Plants store carbs as starch
✘ Animals store carbs as glycogen

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 Testing for carbohydrates

Reducing sugar ✘ Benedict’s test

✘ Add the Benedict’s
solution to the food
and heat it up
✘ Positive result: Blue -
> Green -> yellow ->
orange -> brick-red
✘ Negative: No change

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 Testing for carbohydrates

Non-reducing sugar ✘ Iodine test

✘ Simply add iodine
solution to the food
✘ Positive: blue-black
color present
✘ Negative: Remains
orange-brown

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 B3.02 FATS
Contain three elements: C, H, O

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 Structure
Fats are insoluble in
water. Fats at room
temperature are
called
oils
 Fats’ functions
Release energy: 1 gram = 39kJ of
energy
Storing energy
effectively
Layer of fats underneath the
skin insulate the body
Plants store oils in seeds to store
energy for germination