MEC 363 FINAL

REVIEW
MR. JASON LOPRETE

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Stability of
Columns

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Euler’s Load
Columns are long slender members that are subjected
to axial compressive loads.
The critical load is the maximum axial load that a
column can support when it is on the verge of buckling.
This loading represents a case of neutral equilibrium.
An ideal column is initially perfectly straight, made of
homogeneous material, and the load is applied through
the centroid of the cross section.
A pin-connected column will buckle about the principal
axis of the cross section having the least moment of
inertia.
The slenderness ratio is L/r , where r is the smallest
radius of gyration of the cross section. Buckling will
occur about the axis where this ratio gives the greatest
value.

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Example

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Torsion

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What is torsion?
When a circular shaft is subjected to torsion, every cross section
remains plane and undistorted.
In other words, while the various cross sections along the shaft rotate
through different amounts, each cross section rotates as a solid rigid
slab.

The shearing strain in a circular shaft varies linearly with the distance
from the axis of the shaft

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The Torsion Formula

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The Torsion Formula

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Angle of Twist
For constant cross sectional area and torque:

For multiple torques:

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Example

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Bending

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The Neutral Surface
A beam that undergoes bending is subject to deformation.
In the configuration shown, line AB will shorten(compression),
while line A’B’ will lengthen(tension).
There exists an intermediate surface between these extremes
where there is zero deformation.
The line that runs through this surface in a cross-section is
referred to as the neutral axis.

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The Flexure Formula
•How do we relate the normal stress that arises due to bending to the moment?

•Where σ = the normal stress, M is the internal moment about the neutral axis of
the cross section, and I is the moment of inertia of the cross sectional area
about the neutral axis.

•The normal stress is maximum at the extremes, i.e., the point at the furthest
perpendicular distance from the neutral axis.

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Example

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Mohr’s Circle

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Principal Stresses
•The maximum and minimum normal stresses
are referred to as the principal stresses. The
planes of principle stress are determined via:

•There are two angles that result from this that

are 90 degrees apart.
•No shear stress acts on the principal planes!
•Obtained via taking the derivative of the stress
transformation equations.
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Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
•Obtained via the same method for the principal stresses but now with shear.

•An element subjected to maximum shear stress will be 45° from the position of
an element that is subjected to the principal stress.
•Here, average normal stress will also act on the element.

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Constructing the circle
•Assuming the initial stress state is
known:
•1) Find the center:

•2) Find the radius:

•Draw a circle with shear stress axis
acting positive downward and normal
stress horizontal. Make sure to mark
the point that represents the current
state of stress.
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Using the circle
•Each point on Mohr’s circle
represents the two stress
components σx and τ acting on the
side of the element defined by the
axis, when the axis is in a specific
direction θ.
•A rotation θ of the axis on the
element will correspond to a rotation
2θ on the circle in the same direction.
•Then, using simple trigonometry, we
can determine any of the required
states of stress. R.C. HIBBELER ET AL
Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
•The element can be drawn in 3
dimensions to show that there are 3
total stress configurations for plane
stress that can be drawn:

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Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
•Subsequently, three different Mohr’s Circles
can be drawn corresponding to each plane’s
representation of the stress state.
•In short, if the in-plane principal stresses
have the same sign, the absolute maximum
shear stress will occur out of the plane with:

•If they have opposite signs, the absolute

maximum shear stress is the maximum in
plane shear stress:

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Example

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Example

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Shear & Moment
Diagrams

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What are Shear and Moment
Diagrams?
Graphical method to show internal shear forces and moments acting on a beam
as a function of the length, x, along the beam.
Useful for determining where min/max stresses occur, which allows us to design
accordingly.

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Beam Sign Convention
Positive loads act downward on a beam.

Positive internal shear causes a clockwise

rotation on the segment on which it acts.

Positive internal moments cause

compression in the top fibers of the beam.

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Procedure for Analysis
•Draw a Free-Body Diagram and determine the support reactions.
•Specify a coordinate system with origin at the beam’s left end. Note the
locations where loads occur.
•Section the beam at each of these distances, and draw the free-body diagram in
one of the segments. Draw the internal Moment and Shear in their positive
orientations.
•The shear is obtained by summing the forces perpendicular to the beam’s axis
•The moment is obtained by summing moments at the sectioned end of the
segment.
•Draw a diagram noting the values of V and M obtained at each segment of the
beam. R.C. HIBBELER ET AL
Graphical Method
Useful for when we have several different loadings. Same steps as before, but now we do not
need to cut the beam!

Instead, we look at how the shear diagram will change based on the distributed load, and then
how the moment diagram changes based on the shear diagram. Note that when the shear is
zero (dM/dx = 0), there is either a maximum or minimum moment!

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Example

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Deflection of
Beams and Shafts

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The Elastic Curve
•Beams will naturally deflect a certain amount under
loading.
•Of course, there are certain limitations on how
much they can deflect without the device they are
a part of ‘failing’.
•It’s useful to visualize how the beam will deflect
under certain loading conditions.
•Supports that resist forces, such as a pin, restrict
displacement, and supports that resist a moment,
such as a fixed wall, restrict rotation/slope as well
as displacement.

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Beam Sign Convention
Positive loads act downward on a beam.

Positive internal shear causes a clockwise

rotation on the segment on which it acts.

Positive internal moments cause

compression in the top fibers of the beam.

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Recall: The Moment-Curvature
Equation

•Using the flexure formula, we can derive an equation that

relates a beam’s curvature to the bending moment.
•The radius of curvature for this arc is defined as the distance
which is measured from the center of curvature to dx. Any arc
on the element other than dx is subjected to a normal strain.
•For example, the strain in arc ds, located at a position y from
the neutral axis,

Hooke’s Law +
Flexure

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 Recall: The Moment-Curvature Equation
•By definition, the curvature of a function is the inverse of the radius of curvature. Using the calculus
definition, this takes the form:

•Substituting this into the moment-curvature equation, we have:

Since building codes are very strict, the slope of the elastic curve, dv/dx, will be very small compared to
1, so we can neglect that term to find:

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 The Deflection Equations
•Assuming the flexural rigidity, EI, is constant:

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 Procedure
• Draw FBD.
• Determine where to start. Sometimes, it’s easier to begin with the load equation, w(x), and integrate four
times.
• Others, it’s easier to start at the moment equation, M(x), and integrate two times.
• I usually do everything and draw the shear, moment, and slope diagrams.
• This involves doing the same analysis used for the shear and bending moment diagrams we did earlier.
• The constants are evaluated using the boundary conditions for the supports (Table 12–1) and the continuity
conditions that apply to slope and displacement at points where two functions meet. Once the constants are
evaluated and substituted back into the slope and deflection equations, the slope and displacement at specific
points on the elastic curve can then be determined.

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Support Boundary Conditions

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The Superposition Principle
• When a beam is statically indeterminate (we have more unknowns than
equations), we can break the beam down into a summation of equivalent
loading conditions.
• We do this by replacing extra supports with redundant forces.
• To solve for the redundant forces, we need to know the compatibility
conditions that exist at each of the supports (i.e., what is the
deflection/slope/moment at that support?)
• Once we have the redundant forces, we can solve for the remaining
unknowns with our equilibrium equations and our global FBD.

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The Superposition Principle

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Example

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Example

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