Systems Analysis

and Design
By : Ajeng Savitri P, M.Kom
Pertemuan 2

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Systems Analysis & Design Methods 4ed
by J. L. Whitten & L. D. Bentley
• Why do We need to Learn Systems Analysis and Design ?
• What is a Systems Analyst and what is the Roles ?
 Why do We need to Learn
Systems Analysis and Design ?
Systems Development Projects Fail
• More than half of all systems development projects Fail
(42% - Standish Group, 53% - General Accounting Office)
• Canceled before completion
• System is never used once finished
• Doesn't provide the expected benefits

• Most of the ones that don't fail:

• Are delivered late
• Are over budget
• Don't provide the features promised
Software Errors, Faults, Failures

5
Recent Significant IT Failures

Company Year Outcome

Hudson Bay (Canada) 2005 Inventory system problems lead to $33.3 million
loss
UK Inland Revenue 2004/5 $3.45 billion tax-credit overpayment caused by
software errors
Avis Europe PLC (UK) 2004 Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
cancelled after $54.5 million spent
Ford Motor Co. 2004 Purchasing system abandoned after deployment
costing approximately $400 M
Hewlett-Packard Co. 2004 ERP system problems contribute to $160 million
loss
AT&T Wireless 2004 Customer relations management (CRM) system
upgrade problems lead to $100M loss
Keunikan dari Software

Karakteristik Software Hardware

Kompleksitas Tingkat kompleksitas Tingkat kompleksitas

dari produk software produk lain rendah,
tinggi, dengan dengan kemungkinan
kemungkinan perubahan perubahan parameter
parameter dan fungsi dan fungsi tidak
yang sangat beragam beragam

Visibilitas Produk tidak terlihat Produk terlihat dengan

Produk dengan kasat mata, kasat mata, termasuk
termasuk bila ada cacat bila ada cacat (defect)
(defect) dari produk dari produk
The economies of ALL developed nations are
dependent on software.

More and more systems are software

controlled
Building software will always
be hard. There is inherently
no silver bullet
(Brooks, 1987)
Is it Possible?

11
Sofware Quality?
• Software quality is (IEEE, 1991):
1. The degree to which a system,
component, or process meets
specified requirements
2. The degree to which a system,
component, or process meets
customer or user needs or
expectations

• Quality means conformance to

requirements (Crosby, 1979)

12
Systems Analyst and Its Roles
Analyst Related Role
1. Business analyst
2. System analyst
3. Infrastructure analyst
4. Change management analyst
5. Project manager

14
Business Analyst
• Focuses on business issues surrounding
the system
• The business value of the system
• Improvements in business processes
• New business processes needed with new system

• Requires business skills and professional

training

15
System Analyst
• The systems analyst is a key person analyzing
the business, identifying opportunities for
improvement, and designing information
systems to implement these ideas
• Focuses on Information System (IS) Issues
• How IS can improve business processes
• Designs new information system
• Ensures IS quality standards are maintained

• Requires training & experience in design

analysis, programming, business

16
Infrastructure Analyst
• Focuses on interfaces between new system
& existing infrastructure
• Makes sure new system follows organizational
standards
• Identifies required infrastructure changes
• Requires experience in network & database
administration
• Requires knowledge of hardware systems

17
Change Management Analyst
• Focuses on system installation
• Documentation & support for users
• Coordinate training of users
• Strategies to overcome resistance

• Requires experience in organizational

behavior
• Requires experience in change management

18
Project Manager
• Responsible for schedule and budget
• Ensures promised benefits are delivered
• Manages team members
• Responsible for project plan and reporting
progress
• Requires project management experience

19
20
Systems Analysis
and Design
By : Ajeng Savitri P, M.Kom
Pertemuan 3

Prepared by Kevin C. Dittman for

Systems Analysis & Design Methods 4ed
by J. L. Whitten & L. D. Bentley
Role in System Development

Project Manager

Business System
Programmer Tester
Analyst Analyst

22
The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource
• Many organizations consider information systems and computer
applications as essential to their ability to compete or gain
competitive advantage.
• Information has become a management resource equal in importance
to property, facilities, employees, and capital.
• All workers need to participate in the development of these systems
and applications
• But one specialist plays a special role in systems and applications
development, the systems analyst.
• A systems analyst(s) facilitates the development of information
systems and computer applications.
Systems
Analysts as a
Facilitator
The Systems Analyst - A Key Resource

• The systems analyst performs systems analysis and

design.
• Systems analysis is the study of a business problem domain
for the purpose of recommending improvements and
specifying the business requirements for the solution.
• Systems design is the specification or construction of a
technical, computer-based solution for the business
requirements identified in a systems analysis. (Note:
Increasingly, the design takes the form of a working
prototype.).
Why do businesses need Systems Analysts?

• The system analyst bridges the communications gap

between those who need the computer and those who
understand the technology.
What is a Systems Analysts?

• Systems analysts are people who understand both business

and computing.
• Systems analysts study business problems and opportunities
and then transform business and information requirements of
the business into the computer-based information systems
and computer applications that are implemented by various
technical specialists including computer programmers.
What is a Systems Analysts?

A formal definition:
• A systems analyst facilitates the study of the problems and needs of a
business to determine how the business system and information
technology can best solve the problem and accomplish improvements
for the business. The product of this activity may be improved business
processes, improved information systems, or new or improved
computer applications frequently all three.
What is a Systems Analysts?

• When information technology is used, the systems analyst is

responsible for:
• the efficient capture of data from its business source
• the flow of that data to the computer
• the processing and storage of that data by the computer
• the flow of useful and timely information back to the business and its people
• Information technology is a contemporary term that describes the
combination of computer technology (hardware and software) with
telecommunications technology (data, image, and voice networks).
What is a Systems Analysts?

• A systems analyst is a business problem solver.

• A systems analyst helps the business by solving its problems using
system concepts and information technology.
• A systems analyst sell business management and computer
users the services of information technology.
• A systems analyst sells change.
What is a Systems Analysts?

• The role of systems analyst is changing into two distinct

positions or roles, business analyst and application analyst.
• A business analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in business
problem analysis and technology-independent requirements analysis.
• An application analyst is a systems analyst that specializes in
application design and technology-dependent aspects of development.
A synonym is system or application architect.
What Does a Systems Analysts do?

• A system analyst is a system-oriented problem solver.

• System problem solving is the act of studying a problem environment in
order to implement corrective solutions that take the form of new or
improved systems.
• Most systems analysts use some variation of a system problem
solving approach called a system development life cycle.
• A systems development life cycle (SDLC) is a systematic and orderly
approach to solving system problems.
What Does a Systems Analysts do?

• The SDLC usually incorporates the following general-purpose problem

solving steps:
• Planning - identify the scope and boundary of the problem, and plan the
development strategy and goals.
• Analysis - study and analyze the problems, causes, and effects. Then, identify
and analyze the requirements that must be fulfilled by any successful solution.
• Design - if necessary, design the solution not all solutions require design.
• Implementation - implement the solution.
• Support - analyze the implemented solution, refine the design, and implement
improvements to the solution. Different support situations can thread back
into the previous steps.
 Obsolete solution Problem to be solved
Planning

Related problem to be solved

Support Analysis

New solution
Implementation
to same problem
error
to be fixed
Problem analysis
and
Implemented
Solution requirements
solution

Implemen- Acceptable
Design
tation solution

A System Development Life Cycle

What Does a Systems Analysts do?

• System analysts are responsible for other aspects of a system

including:
• PEOPLE, including managers, users, and other developers – and
including the organizational behaviors and politics that occur when
people interact with one another.
• DATA, including capture, validation, organization, storage, and usage.
• PROCESSES, both automated and manual, that combine to process data
and produce information.
• INTERFACES, both to other systems and applications, as well to the
actual users (e.g., reports and display screens).
• NETWORKS, which effectively distribute data, processes, and
information to the people.
Where Do a Systems Analysts work?

• Systems analysts can be found in most businesses; however,

the organization of information services in many businesses is
in turmoil as those businesses reorganize to improve service,
quality, and value.
 Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
or
Line of Business Chief Executive

VP of Information Services
or
Chief Information Officer (CIO)

Manager Data Telecommunications Manager Manager.

Systems Development Administrator Administrator End User Computing Computer Operations

Manager Network
Database End User System
Development Analysts
Administrators Consultants Programmers
Center

Manager
Data Network End User Capacity
Financial
Analysts Managers Trainers Analyst
Systems

Manager
Database
Marketing Network Computer
Analysts
Systems Technicians Operators

Manager
Manufacturing
Systems

Systems
Analysts

Application
Programmers
 Pre- Test
• Apa yg dimaksud dengan sistem analis ?
• Apa saja tugas sistem analis ?
• Apa yang mungkin menyebabkan suatu
proyek perangkat lunak mengalami
kegagalan ?
Terima Kasih