Cell Organelles

INTRODUCTION
“CELL IS THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT
OF AN ORGANISM”.
CELL WAS FIRST DISCOVERED BY ROBERT HOOKE IN
1665.
LIVING ORGANISMS MAY BE UNICELLULAR OR
MULTICELLULAR.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS ARE SINGLE CELLED
ORGANISMS AND MICROSCOPIC.
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS CONTAIN DIFFERENT TYPE
OF CELLS .
 Types of cells
PROKARYOTIC: these cells are
characterised by the absence of nuclear
membrane,nucleus,nucleolus and
membrane bound organelles

EUKARYOTIC:found in the higher

organisms ,it has well developed nucleus
for the storage of genetic material and
membrane bound organelles.
EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL
 STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF
CELL
The plasma membrane defines the periphery
of the cell
Cytoplasm contains various cell-organelles
and enzymes.
Chief cell organelles
:mitochondria,endoplasmic
reticulum,ribosomes,plastids,lysosomes,gol
gi apparatus and nucleus
 PLASMA MEMBRANE

“Plasma membrane is a bio-membrane that

occurs on the out side of the cytoplasm,in
both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.”

It is a
qualsified,elastic,thin,pliable,hydrophobic
barrier around the cell.

Singer and Nicolson in 1972 proposed “Fluid

Mosaic Model”,to explain the working of
 Fluid Mosaic Model
PHOSPHOLIPIDS forms a bilayer with proteins
protruding on each side.
MEMBRANE PROTEINS:
Intrinsic proteins
Extrinsic proteins
Tunnel proteins
CARBOHYDRATES:remain attached to lipids and proteins
Plasma membrane
FUNCTIONS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

It protects the cell from various injuries.

It allows the flow of material and information
between the different organelles of same
cell as well as between one cell and
another.
It maintains the ionic balance inside the cells
ETC and Oxidative phosphorylation takes
place in the membrane.
It acts as receptor for certain harmones

It posses carrier proteins for active transport

It acts as a selectively permeable membrane

 NUCLEUS
It is the most important
cell organelle which
controls all the cellular
activities.
It occurs in all eukaryotic
cells.
It stores the genetic
material in the form of
RNA/DNA.
 ULTRA STRUCTURE OF NUCLEUS

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
NUCLEOPLASM
NUCLEAR MATRIX
CHROMATIN
NUCLEOLUS
 NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

15 nm in thickness and bound nucleus from

out side
Made up of inner and outer
membrane,perinuclear space,pores and
annuli material
NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Encloses the transparent ,semi -solid jelly
like colloidal complex.
 NUCLEAR MATRIX

 Provides mechanical strength to nuclear

envelope
Acts as site of attachment to chromatin
CHROMATIN
Amorphous material, randomly dispersed in
certain
parts of nucleus
It consists of fibers, DNA in equal mass along
with
 FUNCTIONS
It contains genetic material in the form of
DNA or RNA
It contains information required for the
growth and the development of a body
It controls metabolic activities of a cell
It helps in cell division and replication
It acts as a reservoir for enzymes and
nucleotides
 Cytoskeleton
Acts as skeleton and
muscle
Provides shape and
structure
Helps move
organelles around the
cell
Made of three types of
filaments
 Endoplasmic
Reticulum
A.k.a. “ER”
Connected to nuclear
membrane
Highway of the cell
Rough ER: studded
with ribosomes; it
makes proteins
Smooth ER: no
ribosomes; it makes
lipids
 Ribosome
Site of protein
synthesis
Found attached to
rough ER or floating
free in cytosol
Produced in a part of
the nucleus called the
nucleolus
That looks familiar…what is a
polypeptide?
 Golgi Apparatus
Looks like a stack of
plates
Stores, modifies and
packages proteins
Molecules transported
to and from the Golgi
by means of vesicles
 Lysosomes
Garbage disposal
of the cell
Contain digestive
enzymes that
break down
wastes

Which organelles do
lysosomes work with?
 Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the
cell”
Cellular respiration
occurs here to release
energy for the cell to
use
Bound by a double
membrane
Has its own strand of
DNA
 Chloroplast
Found only in plant
cells
Contains the green
pigment chlorophyll
Site of food (glucose)
production
Bound by a double
membrane
 Cell Wall
Found in plant and
bacterial cells
Rigid, protective
barrier
Located outside of the
cell membrane
Made of cellulose
(fiber)
 Vacuoles
Large central vacuole
usually in plant cells
Many smaller
vacuoles in animal
cells
Storage container for
water, food, enzymes,
wastes, pigments, etc.
What type of microscope may have
been used to take this picture?
 Centriole
Aids in cell division
Usually found only in
animal cells
Made of microtubules

Where else have we talked

about microtubules?
 Quick Review
Which organelle is the control center of the cell?
Nucleus
Which organelle holds the cell together?
Cell membrane
Which organelles are not found in animal cells?
Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts
Which organelle helps plant cells make food?
Chloroplasts
What does E.R. stand for?
Endoplasmic reticulum