Ancylostomatidae

Ancylostoma duodenale
Morphology
Reddish white worm, form C-
like appearance in alcohol
70%
Female measures 10-13 mm
in length, male is 8-11 mm
with a characteristic
copulatory bursa at the tail
end
2 pairs of teeth
 Necator americanus
Morphology
Female is 9-11 mm long
and male is 7-9 mm long,
copulatory bursa is exist

Form S-like appearance in

alcohol 70%

cutting plates (chitin)

Adult Hookworms:

Ancylostoma duodenale
- 2 pairs of teeth

Necator americanus
- cutting plates (2 ventral + 2 dorsal)
Rhabditiform larva of hookworm:
Similar to each other; undifferentiated
long buccal cavity (feeding
phase)
 Filariform larva of hookworm
anterior one-third is being occupied by the esophagus,
quite resistant to environmental stress, surviving
without ingesting any nutritives for 6-9 wks in the
tropics, lives 1-2 cm under the ground

N. americanus: Ancylostoma duodenale

mouth spear (+) Mouth spear (-)

Striae seen clearly Striae not seen clearly
Hookworm eggs

Oval, 65 x 40 um
Colorless, transparent hyaline
membrane
Segmented ovum with 4
blastomers

Clear space between egg and

ovum

Not infective in freshly passed stool

Similar forms between two species
Both polar ends are blunt
Trichiuris trichiura
Trichiuris trichiura
Morphology Male
- coiled
posterior
Female
- larger
- whip-like

Anterior end
3/5 body length

Posterior end
2/5 body length
Contain intestine, reproductive organs
Trichuris trichiura eggs

Eggs in fresh feces Eggs in external environment

- barrel shaped - similar characteristics
- mucus plugs at both ends - embryonated larva inside
- unsegmented ovum
 Strongyloides stercoralis
General

• Family Strongyloididae

• Facultative parasite

• Widely distributed on earth, most densely

in those areas characterized by high
temperature and humidity and poor
hygienic conditions

• The smallest nematode in STH

 Strongyloides stercoralis
Morphology
• The egg is 70 x 40 m with an extremely thin
eggshell
• Female adult of parasitic generation: thin and long,
about 2 mm long, two sets of genital organs, with
lack of seminal receptacles (because no sperm is
required for parthenogenesis)
• Female adult of free living generation: thicker and
shorter, seminal receptacles (+)
• Male adult: smaller, about 0.7-1 mm long, the tail
end curls on the ventral side
 Strongyloides stercoralis
Morphology

• Rhabditiform larva: only

can be differentiated with
those of
Ancylostomatidae
through electron
microscopy

• Filariform larva: 0.4-0.7

mm in length, a half is
occupied with
esophagus, forked tail
 Life Cycle

Direct Cycle: Skin penetration by filariform

larva in soil, proceed in the blood stream to the
heart and lung, then return to the small
intestine via tracheal migration

Indirect cycle: when outside conditions are

favorable, rhabditiform larvae grow become
male and female free living form, and after
copulation and lying eggs, adults die, and the
eggs give rise rhabditiform larvae, and become
infective form after two molts
 Internal Auto infection:
partially embryonated egg hatched
rhabditiform larvae filariform larvae in small
intestine penetrate intestinal wall again.
 External Auto infection:
filariform larvae in intestine carried to anal
region during fecal voiding penetrate
perianal skin.
Thank You