One Way ANOVA using SAS

STT 501
Spring 2007
Example
 Let’s test to see if mercury level relates
to surface area as defined by the
following 4 classes:

low-<75='Less than 75 acres'

75-<250='75-250 acres'
250-<625='250-625 acres'
625-high='More than 625 acres'
Example
 My ANOVA table should look something
like:
Source df Sum of Squares
S. Area
Error
Total

 Let’s see which of these we can fill in.

 Totals
 I can get some info for the total line
from:
One less than
the number of Which is our
observations total sum of
will be our total squares
degrees of
freedom

This requests
corrected sums
of squares
Example
 My ANOVA table should look something
like:
Source df Sum of Squares
S. Area
Error
Total 119 13.2169

 OK, we can get error as well.

 Error
 We can get corrected sums of squares
in each group and pool them:
Take one less Should get
than each of 12.4578
these and
add them to
get error d.f.

29+30+
The sum of
27+30=
these is my
116
error sum of
squares
Example
 My ANOVA table should look something
like:
Source df Sum of Squares
S. Area
Error 116 12.4578
Total 119 13.2169

 Now get the rest by subtraction...

Example
 My ANOVA table should look something
like:
Source df Sum of Squares
S. Area 3 0.7591
Error 116 12.4578
Total 119 13.2169

 And we should be able to construct the

mean squares and the F-test
ANOVA Procedures
 There are several procedures in SAS
that can conduct the ANOVA, we’ll use
GLM (General Linear Model).

 To get the analysis of mercury level vs.

surface area category:
 ANOVA Procedures

Identifies
the group
variable

Required, since
we’ve constructed
groups with a format
ANOVA Procedures

The model is always of

the form:
response = group(s)
 ANOVA Procedures
Note that
SAS is a bit
redundant
here

In multi-factor
This should cases, the model
be the same sum of squares
as our will be a sum
ANOVA table of all the factors,
which are then
separated at the
bottom. Since
surface area is
the only factor
here, its sum of
squares is the
same as the model.
Multiple Comparisons
 From the results of our ANOVA, we see
moderately significant evidence that
mercury level is related to surface area
category.
 At this point, it would likely be useful to
compare mercury levels across surface
area categories.
Multiple Comparisons
 We can get means for the response
variable in each group using the means
statement, and we can ask for
comparisons as well.
 Several multiple comparisons are
available, including: Bonferroni
adjusted t-tests, Tukey’s W, Ryan’s Q
and Dunnett’s test.
 Example

Check this note, Starred (***)

Bonferroni comparisons are
is not best for significant. Note
all pair-wise that these 2 are
comparisons actually 1, it’s
a bit redundant
in its listing

Requests
comparisons
based on
the Bonferroni
adjustment Sets the experiment-wise
error rate
Example

I can request Tukey’s

method, the output is
of a similar form (with
similar results for this
case).
Example

I also get an
interesting
note here.

If I include the lines option

(I can do this with bon as well),
I get a bit different form of
output, where groups that are not
significantly different are marked.
 For unequal
group sizes, it
will use an
Example approximation
based on the
harmonic mean
of the group
sizes. In fact,
This approx. should be this is used when
avoided if group sizes the lines option
are very different: is specified.
largest/smallest > 1.5

Ryan’s Q will
always give
output in a
grouping form.
This is because
Ryan’s Q is
designed for
equal group sizes.

We can request Ryan’s Q

Comparison with a Control
 Dunnett’s test for comparing each
group to a control (or a predetermined
group with every other group) is
available.
 We’ll use the birth weight data to check
for differences in birth weight versus
smoking status, taking non-smokers as
a control.
Example

How did it know that

0 was the control?
Well, of course, it didn’t
know that. By default
the first value (in
alphabetical or numeric
order) is taken as the
control.

Requesting the Dunnett

test here gets a comparison
of 0 (non-smoker) to every
other.
Example
I get comparisons
to current smokers.
Not what I want…
but currently smoke
is first alphabetically.

If I use this
format…
Example

I can specify the

control category.
NOTE: it is case
sensitive, so make
sure you match it
exactly.