RAMAIAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON AXIALLY

LOADED AASC AND TVC SQUARE COLUMN
Under the guidance of:

R MOUROUGANE
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
RIT
BANGALORE

Presented by

Sandhya Mohan P V
1MS16CSE21
RIT
BANGALORE
 Contents

•Introduction
•Literature Review
•Objective
•Methodology
•Results and Discussions
•Conclusions
•Scope of future work
•References
 INTRODUCTION

• Major problem of OPC production is environmental quality depletion.

• Alkali Activated Slag Concrete (AASC) is made with 100% GGBFS ,activated
by alkalis instead of Portland cement in the binder of concrete.

• The possibility of alkali activation with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
(GGBFS) and alkali activator was suggested as early as in 1940 by Purdon.

• Major advantage of AASC is high strength

Reinforced concrete column is a compression member and transfers the
loads from structure to the ground through foundations.

Types of concrete columns

• Based on its height and lateral dimension.

• Based on the manner in which the longitudinal bars are laterally

supported

• Based on loading conditions

 Literature Review
Title Author Methodology Conclusion
Engineering G.Madhuri.et.al Different mixes prepared • S-(0.4) –(2.33)-(16M)
Properties of Alkali (2017) • Alkaline to GGBS ratio gave better compressive
Activated Slag (0.4 and 0.5) strength and split tensile
Concrete Under • Na₂SO₃ to NaOH strength under heat
Ambient And Heat ratio(2.33 and 1.0) curing.
Curing • Concentration of NaOH • S-(05)-(2.33)-(16M) gave
solution (12M and 16M) higher flexural strength
under ambient curing.
• S-(0.5)-(1.0)-(12M) gave
toughness index
Alkali-Activated Mohd.Nadeem Effect of curing conditions • Maximum compressive
Blast furnace Slag as Qureshi.et.al on properties such as water strength achieved for
a Green Construction (2014) absorption, apparent water cured specimens
Material porosity and compressive for AAS.
strength of AAS pastes. • Higher water absorption
and apparent porosity
were observed in oven
cured specimens.
Title Author Methodology Conclusion

Investigation on Arie Compressive strength , • AASC’s early strength was

Long Term Wardhono. elastic modulus and same as OPC’s
Performance of et.al durability tests such as • Performance of AASC tends
Alkali Activated (2015) Ultra pulse velocity and to decline over the long term.
Slag Concrete permeable voids tests • Increase of permeable voids
over period of time

Investigation of Kubilay Three sodium • Compressive strength

Hydration Akcaozogl concentrations, 4%,6% increased with increase in
Temperature of u. and 8% by mass of slag sodium concentration but
Alkali Activated et.al(2017) Compressive strength decreased the hydration
Slag Based and hydration temperature.
Concrete temperature of concrete
were measured
Title Author Methodology Conclusion
Effects of Chemical Cahit Setting time, flow loss of • Admixtures generally had no
Admixtures and Bilim.et.al( fresh mixtures, and impact on the setting times of
Curing Conditions 2015) shrinkage strain, AAS pastes.
on some Properties carbonation, flexural and • Curing conditions had a
of Alkali-Activated compressive strength of significant effect on the
Cementless Slag hardened mixtures were mechanical behavior in the
Mixtures measured. hardened state of AAS mortars
compared to (NPC) mortars.

Effect of steel ratio K.Chandrik Effect of type of lateral • Load carrying capacity of the
and mineral a.et.al(2016 reinforcement as a columns increases with increase
admixture on ) confining material and in lateral reinforcement.
crushing load of also the effect of mineral • Laterally confined columns with
short columns admixtures on spiral reinforcement showed
compressive strength of higher load carrying capacity.
concrete in the column • Mode of failure of columns was
composite observed at the top and bottom
ends of the short columns.
 OBJECTIVES

• To arrive design mix proportion for AASC.

• To understand the behavior of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete(AASC) columns in

comparison with that of Traditionally Vibrated Concrete (TVC) columns under axial load.

• To study the surface strain of the column in longitudinal and lateral direction.

• To study the compression index of the columns.

• The stiffness variation is compared between the TVC and AASC columns.
 METHODOLOGY

•Investigation of material properties

•Mix design
•Trial mixes
•Casting of specimens
•Curing
•Testing of specimens
•Interpretation of results
Material characterization

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Property Values Obtained

Colour Grey

Specific gravity 3.15

Setting time
• Initial setting time 67 minutes
• Final setting time 5 hours

Fineness 3%
Ground granulated blast furnace slag

Physical Property Test Value

Colour Off-white

Texture Fine

Fineness 5%

Specific gravity 2.78

Source :Internet
Aggregates

• Fine aggregate

Property Values Obtained

Fineness modulus 2.983
Specific gravity 2.67
Bulk density
*Compact state 1783kg/m3
*Loose state 1670kg/m3
• Coarse aggregates

Property Value Obtained

Specific gravity 2.76

Fineness Modulus 6.24

Bulk density 1589 kg/m3

 Alkaline Liquids

• Sodium silicate gel (Na2SiO3)

• Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions are used for slag activation

Sodium hydroxide pellets

Super plasticizer

For the present investigation, a super plasticizer namely CONPLAST SP

430 has been used for obtaining workable concrete .

Water
Potable drinking water was used .

Steel
Fe500 grade of steel is used.
Final Mix proportion for M40 concrete

Materials AASC TVC

kg/m3 kg/m3
Cement _ 352.45
Coarse Aggregate 1293 1051.35
Fine aggregate 554 970.48
GGBFS 409 _

Sodium silicate 102 _

NaOH solution 41 _
Super Plasticizer 3% 3%
Water 55 141
 Trial Mix
Trial mixes of AASC for different 4M and6M of Sodium hydroxide solution

Trial mix 1 Trial mix 2

For the trial mix purpose, three Materials
(4M) (6M)
cubes of size 100×100× 100mm ,
three cylinders of 100m diameter Alkaline to binder
0.35 0.35
and 200mm height and prisms of ratio
size 450×75×75mm were casted Coarse Aggregate 1293 1293
for 4M and 6M each.
Fine aggregate 554 554
GGBFS 409 409
Sodium silicate 102 102
NaOH solution 41 41
Super Plasticizer 3% 3%
Extra Water 55 55
Compressive strength test

Curing AASC MIX 1 AASC MIX 2

stage (days) (4M) (6M)
7 34.7 36.8

14 38.9 46.34

28 45.65 58.45
Split Tensile Test

Curing AASC MIX 1 AASC MIX 2

stage( days) (4M) (6M)
7 2.11 2.42
14 2.83 2.94
28 3.54 3.82
Flexural strength Test

Curing stage AASC MIX AASC MIX

(days) 1(4M) 2(6M)

7 4.11 4.24

14 4.36 5.34

28 5.42 5.76
Experimental Investigation Procedure

• Calculation of Specimen Size

•Square column of 150mm x 150mm x 1219mm is adopted in

order to facilitate short column effect.

•The size of column was adopted based on the limitations

available for testing .

• Also by using the below formula the sizes were calculated

Pu = (0.4×fck×Asc) + (0.67×fy×Ast)
(as per IS 456:2000)
Geometric specifications of the specimens
Sl.No Column Pt Longitudinal Lateral ties
Designation % reinforcement
1 TVC 1 1.34 6#8ϕ
2 TVC 2 1.84 (2#8ϕ) + (4#10ϕ)
3 TVC 3 2.09 6#10ϕ
4 TVC 4 2.4 (4#10ϕ) + (2#12ϕ)
5 TVC 5 2.7 (2#10ϕ) + (4#12ϕ)
6 TVC 6 3.01 6#12ϕ
7 AASC 1 1.34 6#8ϕ 8ϕ@75 c/c

8 AASC 2 1.84 (2#8ϕ) + (4#10ϕ)

9 AASC 3 2.09 6#10ϕ
10 AASC 4 2.4 (4#10ϕ) + (2#12ϕ)
11 AASC 5 2.7 (2#10ϕ) + (4#12ϕ)
12 AASC 6 3.01 6#12ϕ
Results and discussion
Load deformation curve

Specimen 1
700

600

Load(kN) 500

400

300 TVC
AASC
200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Deformation(mm)

AASC and TVC specimens with 1.34% steel

 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
800 600
500
600
Load(kN)

Load(kN)
400
400 300
TVC TVC
200
200 AASC AASC
100
0 0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 -5 0 5 10 15
Deformation (mm) Deformation(mm)

Load deformation curve for AASC and TVC specimens Load deformation curve for AASC and TVC specimens
with 1.84% steel with 2.09% Steel
 Specimen 4 Specimen 5
1000 800
800 600

Load(kN)

Load(kN)
600
400
400 TVC TVC
200 AASC 200 AASC
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Deformation(mm) Deformation(mm)

AASC and TVC specimens with 2.4% Steel AASC and TVC specimens with 2.7% Steel

Specimen 6
800

600
Load(kN)

400
TVC
200 AASC
0
0 5 10 15 20
Deformation(mm)

AASC and TVC specimens with 3.01% Steel

Combined stiffness curve

Specimen 3
800
700

Stiffness (kN/mm)
600
500
400
TVC
300
AASC
200
100
0
0 200 400 600
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC specimens with 2.09% Steel

 Specimen 1 Specimen 2
1000 1500

Stiffness (kN/mm)

Stiffness (kN/mm)
800
1000
600
400 TVC 500 TVC
200 AASC AASC
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
-500
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC specimens with 1.34% Steel AASC and TVC specimens with 1.84% steel

Specimen 4
1200
Stiffness (kN/mm)

1000
800
600
TVC
400
200 AASC
0
0 500 1000
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC specimens with 2.4% Steel

 Specimen 5 Specimen 6
600 700

Stiffness (kN/mm)
Stiffness (kN/mm)

500 600
400 500
400
300
TVC 300 TVC
200 200
AASC AASC
100 100
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC specimens with 2.7% Steel AASC and TVC specimens with 3.01% Steel
Compression Index

Compression Index
0.014
0.012

Compression Index
0.01
0.008
0.006 TVC
AASC
0.004
0.002
0
1.34 1.84 2.09 2.4 2.7 3.01
Percentage of steel (%)

CI of TVC and AASC columns with different longitudinal

reinforcement ratios
Ultimate Load

Peak Load
900
800
700
600

Load (kN)
500
400 TVC
300 AASC
200
100
0
1.34 1.84 2.09 2.4 2.7 3.01
Percentage of Steel (%)

Peak loads for AASC and TVC Specimens

Ratios of Ultimate Loads (Computed / Experimental) for AASC Columns

Pu/Pu, expt
SL.No Column EXPT,(kN)
IS Code ACI BS HK NZ AU

1 AASC 1 659.1 0.69 0.46 0.72 0.71 1.17 1.37

2 AASC2 657.4 0.75 0.49 0.79 0.77 1.24 1.46
3 AASC3 503.6 1.01 0.66 1.07 1.05 1.66 1.95
4 AASC4 772.3 0.69 0.44 0.73 0.72 1.12 1.32
5 AASC5 605.4 0.91 0.59 0.98 0.95 1.47 1.73
6 AASC6 124.6 4.62 2.93 4.98 4.84 7.37 8.67
Mean= 1.445 0.92 1.545 1.5 2.33 2.75
Ratios of Ultimate Loads (Computed / Experimental) for TVC Columns
Pu/Pu, expt

SL.No Column Expt,(kN)

IS Code ACI BS HK NZ AU

1 TVC 1 259.1 1.76 1.18 1.84 1.81 2.97 3.49

2 TVC 2 368.4 1.34 0.88 1.41 1.38 2.21 2.60
3 TVC 3 557.4 0.91 0.60 0.97 0.95 1.50 1.77
4 TVC 4 273.4 1.95 1.26 2.08 2.03 3.16 3.72
5 TVC 5 613.8 0.90 0.58 0.97 0.94 1.45 1.71
6 TVC 6 660 0.87 0.55 0.94 0.91 1.39 1.64
Mean= 1.28 0.84 1.36 4.01 2.11 2.48
Longitudinal strain

Specimen 5
500

0
0 200 400 600 800
Longitudinal Strain
-500

(microstrains) -1000
TVC
-1500 AASC
-2000

-2500

-3000
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 2.7% steel

 Specimen 1 Specimen 2
0 200
-200 0 200 400 600 800

Longitudinal Strain
Longitudinal Strain
0

(microstrains)
(microstrain)
-400 0 200 400 600 800
-200
-600 TVC TVC
-400 AASC
-800 AASC
-1000 -600

-1200 -800
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 1.34 % steel AASC and TVC for 2.09% steel

Specimen 3
200
Longitudinal Strain

0
(microstrains)

-200 0 200 400 600

-400 TVC
-600 AASC
-800
-1000
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 1.84 %steel

 Specimen 4 Specimen 6
500 200
0
Longitudinal Strain

Longitudinal Strain
0
-200 0 200 400 600 800
(microstrains)

(microstrains)
0 500 1000
-500 -400
TVC TVC
-1000 -600
AASC AASC
-800
-1500
-1000
-2000 -1200
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 2.4% steel AASC and TVC for 3.01% steel
Lateral Strain

Specimen 1
300

Lateral Strain (microstrains)

250
200
150
100 TVC
50 AASC

0
-50 0 200 400 600 800

-100
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 1.34% steel

 Specimen 2 Specimen 3
150 300
250
100

(microstrains)
(microstrains)
200

Lateral Strain
Lateral Strain TVC
150
TVC
50
100
AASC AASC
0 50
0 200 400 600 800 0
-50 -50 0 200 400 600
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 1.84% steel AASC and TVC for 2.09% steel

Specimen 4
200
150
(microstrains)
Lateral Strain

100
50 TVC
0 AASC

-50 0 500 1000

-100
Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 2.4 % steel

 Specimen 5 Specimen 6
400 120
Lateral Strain (microstrains)

Lateral Strain (microstrains)

100
300
80
200 60
TVC 40 TVC
100 AASC 20 AASC
0
0
0 200 400 600 800 -20 0 200 400 600 800
-100 -40
Load (kN) Load (kN)

AASC and TVC for 2.7 % steel AASC and TVC for 3.01 % steel
 Conclusions
• Analyzing the load deformation curves for both TVC and AASC, it was found
that AASC columns possess higher load carrying capacity with larger
deformations.

• The TVC column after attaining the ultimate load fails abruptly whereas AASC
columns crushes in a soft manner.

• Compression index of AASC specimens was found to be higher compared to

TVC columns since the deflection observed in AASC specimens was higher.

• It was observed that, the AASC columns offered high initial stiffness when
compared to TVC columns.

• The high initial stiffness offered by AASC specimens are due to the effect of
pore filler material (i.e. GGBFS).
• In AASC columns larger longitudinal strains and lateral strains were
observed before failure .

• Some specimens such as TVC column with 1.34% reinforcement and

AASC column with 3.01 % reinforcement reflected false reading due
to improper loading, voids and other workmanship issues
respectively.
Scope for further investigation

• Behaviour of TVC and AASC columns when subjected to uniaxial and

bi-axial loading can be studied further.

• Retrofitting of the tested specimens can be carried out and strength can
be checked for both TVC and AASC specimens.

• Further analytical studies can be carried out on AASC columns with

different loading conditions.
 References

[1] Madhuri, G., and K. Srinivasa Rao. "Engineering Properties of Alkali Activated Slag Concrete Under
Ambient And Heat Curing." International Journal of Engineering Trends and
Technology (IJETT) 50: 161-166.

[2]Qureshi, M. N., and S. Ghosh. "Alkali-activated blast furnace slag as a green

construction material." IOSR–JMCE (2013): 24-28.

[3]Wardhono, Arie, David W. Law, and Thomas CK Molyneaux. "Long term

performance of alkali activated slag concrete." Journal of Advanced
Concrete Technology 13.3 (2015): 187-192.

[4]Akçaözoğlu, Kubilay, Semiha Akçaözoğlu, and Abdullah Açıkgöz. "Investigation of hydration temperature
of alkali activated slag based concrete.“KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2017): 1-9.

[5]Bilim, Cahit, Okan Karahan, Cengiz Duran Atiş, and Serhan İlkentapar. "Effects of chemical admixtures
and curing conditions on some properties of alkali-activated cementless slag mixtures." KSCE Journal of
Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (2015): 733-741.
[6]Chandrika, K., Rambabu, C., & Rao, T. C. S. “Effect of steel ratio and mineral admixtures on
crushing load of short columns”.
[7] Ramezanianpour , Ali Akbar, Farnaz Bahman Zadeh , Arash Zolfagharnasab , and Amir Mohammad
Ramezanianpour . "Mechanical Properties and Chloride Ion Penetration of Alkali Activated Slag
Concrete." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, pp. 2203-2212. Springer,
Cham, 2018.

[8]Srinivas, J., and B. Prakash. “An experimental study on effect of GGBFS on strength
characteristics of geopolymer concrete” .

[9] Jawahar, J. G., & Mounika, G. (2016 ) “Strength properties of fly ash and GGBFS based
geopolymer concrete”. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (BHRC), 17(1), 127-135.

[10] Supraja, V., and M. Kanta Rao. "Experimental study on Geo-Polymer concrete
incorporating GGBFS." International Journal of Electronics, Communication &
Soft Computing Science and Engineering 2.2 (2011): 11-15.
[10]Vance, Kirk, Matthew Aguayo, Akash Dakhane , Deepak Ravikumar , Jitendra Jain, and
Narayanan Neithalath . "Microstructural, mechanical, and durability related similarities in
concretes based on OPC and alkali-activated slag binders." International Journal of Concrete
Structures and Materials 8, no. 4 (2014): 289-299.

[11] Hashim, Aimi Noorliyana, Kamarudin Hussin, Noorzahan Begum, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri
Abdullah, Kamrosni Abdul Razak, and J. J. Ekaputri. "Effect of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
Concentration on Compressive Strength of Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) Mortars." In Applied
Mechanics and Materials, vol. 754, pp. 300-304. Trans Tech Publications, 2015.

[12] Rajesh, D. V. S. P., Narender Reddy, A., Venkata Tilak, U., & Raghavendra, M. (2013).
Performance of alkali activated slag with various alkali activators. Int J Innovative Res Sci Eng
Technol, 2(2), 378-86.

[13] Hojjatollah, Hamidreza Khalili, and Ali Allahverdi. "Alkali-Activated Phosphorous Slag
Performance under Different Curing Conditions: Compressive Strength, Hydration Products, and
Microstructure." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 1 (2017): 04017253.
[14] Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 383 – 1970, Specification for Coarse and Fine
Aggregates from Natural Sources Concrete.

[15]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 12269 – 1987, Specification for 53 Grade Ordinary
Portland Cement.

[16]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 10260 – 1982, Recommended Guidelines for Concrete
Mix Design.

[17]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2386(part I) – 1963, Methods of Tests for Aggregate for
Concrete Particle Size and Shape.

[18]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2386(part III) – 1963, Methods of Tests for Aggregates
for Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and Bulking.

[19]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS:456(2000) – Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of

Practice.

[20]Bureau of Indian Standards, IS:516(1959) – Method of Tests for Strength of Concrete.

[21] Hong Kong Code of Practice(2008)

[22] New Zealand Code3101-1

[23] Australian Code AS 3600-2009

[24]BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-05)

AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-05)

[25] Structural use of concrete. Code of practice for design and construction BS8110-1:1997
THANK YOU