TYPES OF IMMUNITY

COURSE WORK

BY

KOLAWOLE TAIYE SODEEQ

SUBMITTED TO DR IRONDI

DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

KWASU MALETE
 Introduction
 Types of immunity
 Properties of adaptive immune response
 Phases of immune system
 Cells of immune response
 Type of immune responses
 Forms of immunity
 Factors influencing immunity
 Immunity is defined as resistance to disease, specifically
infectious disease and all types of foreign bodies that enters the
body
 As it protect against disease it is also called disease resistance

Lack of immunity is what is referred to as susceptibility

The collection of cells, tissues, and molecules that mediate

resistance to infections is called the immune system
 The coordinated reaction of these cells and molecules to
infectious microbes is the immune response
 Immunology is the study of the immune system and its
responses to invading pathogens.
 Immunity

Innate Adaptive

Epithelial barrier, phagocytes,

complement, NK cells Humoral Cell-mediated

B-lymphocytes T-lymphocytes
 The most important properties of adaptive
immunity, and the ones that distinguish it from
innate are
 Specificity : ability to recognize and respond to many
different microbes
 Memory : enhanced responses to recurrent or
persistent infections
 Specialization : responses to distinct microbes are
optimized for defense against these microbes
 Nonreactivity to self antigens
 Immune responses consist of sequential phases:
 Antigen recognition, activation of lymphocytes,
elimination of antigen, decline and memory
 The cells of immune system consist of lymphocytes,
specialized cells that capture and display microbial
antigen
 Effector cells that functions in eliminating microbes
1. Lymphocytes: These are the only cells with specific
receptors for antigens and thus the key mediators of
adaptive immunity.
2. Antigen-Presenting cells: The common portals of
entry for microbes, namely
 the skin, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract
 Contains specialized cells located in the epithelium
that capture antigens and transport
 them to the peripheral lymphoid tissue

3. Effector cells: The cells that eliminate microbes are

called effector cells
 And consist of lymphocytes and other leukocytes

 These leukocytes may function as effector cells in

both Innate immunity and adaptive immunity
 In innate immunity, macrophages and some
granulocytes directly recognise and eliminate it
 In adaptive immunity B and T lymphocytes call in
other leukocytes and activate them to kill microbes
 Primary immune responses: This is mediated by lymphocytes,
called naive lymphocytes,
• that are seeing antigen for the first time, that is they are
immunologically inexperienced, not having previously
recognized and responded to antigens.
 Secondary immune response: that are usually more rapid,
larger,
• and better able to eliminate the antigen than are the primary
responses
 Secondary responses are the result of the activation of
memory lymphocytes,
 which are long-lived cells that were induced during the
primary immune response
 An individual who is exposed to the antigens of a microbe
mounts an active response to eradicate the infection and
develops
 resistance to later infection by that microbe. Such an
individual is said to be "immune" to that microbe,
 in contrast to a "naive" individual who has not previously
encountered that microbe's antigen
 Immunity may be induced in an individual by infection or
vaccination (active immunity)
 Or conferred on an individual by transfer of antibodies
 Or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual
(passive immunity).
AGE
very old or very young are more susceptible to infectious
disease.
 Hepatitis B virus infection is a symptomatic in new-born as it
lacks developed immune mechanism to express the disease.
HORMONES
Endrocrine disorder such as Diabetes mellitus, and andrenal
dysfunctions – enhanced susceptibility to infection.
Staphylococcal sepsis is more common in diabetes ,which may
be caused by increased level of carbohydrates in tissues.
Corticosteriods depress host resistance by its antiflammatory ,
antiphagocytic effects and by inhibiting antibody formation.
NUTRITION:
 Both humoral and cell mediated immunity are
reduced in malnutrition.
 In kwashiorkor (severe protein deficiency ), cell
mediated immune response reduces.