CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

REPORT
ON

LIFT SLABS,WAFFLE SLABS,STEEL

CONSTRUCTION,MODULAR
COORDINATION IN SPEEDY
CONSTRUCTION

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
In
ARCHITECTURE

by
SONALI
(Enrollment No.- 1574881045)
Under the Supervision of

Ar. KUSHAL DUBEY

Ar. PUNEET SINGH

Dr A.P.J ABDUL KALAM UNIVERSITY

ANSAL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE LUCKNOW

JUNE, 2019
 LIFT SLAB CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof slab on top of the previous slab and then raising the slab up with
hydraulic jacks, so being cheaper and faster as it does not need forms & shores as it is needed for cast-in-place slabs. Lift-slab construction can be more economic than
conventional construction when the building is vertically uniform, such as for hotels, apartment buildings, and dormitories, and where the slab designs are repetitive.

What is lift slab construction?

Basically, the method entails casting floor and roof slabs on or at

ground level and jacking them up into position.
The traditional lift slab construction sequence is illustrated in Figure 1.
Flat plate floors are commonly used because they are so well suited to
stack-casting, requiring formwork at only the edges of the slab and at
floor openings.
Special lifting collars or shearheads are provided in the slabs at the
columns. Bond breaking compounds are applied between slabs to
separate them. After the slabs have cured long enough to reach a
prescribed strength, powerful hydraulic jacks mounted on top of the
columns lift the slabs into their respective positions. A console
connected to each hydraulic jack synchronizes the number of turns of
the check nuts to assure that the concrete slab is being raised the
same amount at all points.

• After the slabs have cured long enough to reach a prescribed

strength, powerful hydraulic jacks mounted on top of the columns
lift the slabs into their respective positions.
• A console connected to each hydraulic jack synchronizes the
number of turns of the check nuts to assure that the concrete slab
is being raised the same amount at all points.
• Economical column spacing ranges from 22 to 32 feet.
• Columns may be pipe, tubes or wide flange sections.

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TOOLS AND MATERIALS

ADVANTAGE
Lift-slab construction method becomes more advantageous in buildings with
similar floor plans throughout the height of the building and where flush slab
may be desired.
• This method eliminates the need for redundant formwork as only shuttering
required on the edges, therefore casting concrete slabs is the simplest stage in
whole constriction process of lift-slab method.
• Lift-slab method may be employed with ribbed slabs not only flat slabs with
some compromise of the ease of casting.
Another advantage is reduced handling and hoisting of materials and supplies
that can simply be placed on top of the slabs and lifted with them.

LIMITATIONS
This method not to be use for multistorey building, only use for 15- 16 storey
building.
No large span slab are constructed in this type of construction.

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 Summary of lift slab

• Lift slab construction is a method of constructing concrete buildings by casting the floor or roof slab on top of
the previous slab and then raising (jacking) the slab up with hydraulic jacks, so being cheaper and faster as it
does not need forms & shores as it is needed for cast-in-place slabs.

• This method eliminates the need for redundant formwork as only shuttering required on the edges, therefore
casting concrete slabs is the simplest stage in whole constriction process of lift slab method.

• Lift-slab construction method becomes more advantageous in buildings with similar floor
plans throughout the height of the building and where flush slab may be desired.

• The sequence of lifting slabs is influenced by the following factors: weight of the slabs; height of the building,
lifting capacity of jacks, cross sectional area of columns during initial lifting.

• Slabs are lifted by jacks, operating on the top of the building columns, this jacks lift a pair of steel rods
attached to each lifting collar in the slab being raised.

• This system requires a central and accurate control to provide a uniform lift from all directions.

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 SONALI
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PROCESS

Concrete

To begin, a concrete slab is first poured on the ground level. Lifting collars are set around each of the columns and cast into
place as the slab is poured around them. The lifting collars will later be used to support the slab as it is raised and secured in
place. Subsequent floors and the roof are then poured and formed on top of the initial ground slab. Bond breakers are used
between each floor plate to allow the slabs to separate as they are raised. Along with reducing the formwork required to create
the slabs, slabs can be easily protected from inclement weather since all of the slabs remain together during the curing process.

Lifting

Once the slabs have been raised to their desired height the lifting collars are welded to the columns, along with shear blocks to
support the slab from beneath. To assure the security of a structure during the raising of the slabs, the hydraulic jacks, attached
to the top of the columns, use synchronized consoles to lift the slabs at an even rate. Conventional methods of mounting the
jacks to the columns require that the jacks are removed before continuing to raise the slabs. More recent approaches utilize
welded plates, separated from the columns, to support the jack.

Simultaneous floor and wall construction

In Latin America, contractors have started to use a form of lift slab construction where load-bearing concrete walls are raised at
the same time as the floor slabs. Both the wall panels and the floor slabs are cast on the ground. The walls are attached to the
slabs through hinges formed by plastic ropes. As the floors are raised, the walls unfold into place and form the vertical support for
the system

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INTRODUCTION
• A waffle slab is a type of building material that has two-directional reinforcement on the outside of
the material, giving it the shape of the pockets on a waffle.
• This type of reinforcement is common on concrete, wood and metal construction. A waffle slab
gives a substance significantly more structural stability without using a lot of additional material.
• This makes a waffle slab perfect for large flat areas like foundations or floors.

APPEARENCE
• The top of a waffle slab is generally smooth, like a traditional building surface, but the underside
has a shape reminiscent of a waffle.
• Straight lines run the entire width and length of the slab, generally raised several inches from the
surface.
• These ridges form the namesake square pockets of the entire length and width of the slab

WHERE THIS SYSTEM IS USED ?

Waffle slab can be used as both ceiling and floor slab. They are used in the areas where less
number of columns are provided, i.e. it is basically used in th areas which has huge spans.
• Waffle slab is not used in typical construction projects. They are used for specialized projects that
involve clean rooms, spaces requiring seclusion from low frequency vibration or those needing low
floor deflections.
• The concrete waffle slab is often used for industrial and commercial buildings while wood and
metal waffle slabs are used in many other construction sites.
• This form of construction is used in airports, parking garages, commercial and industrial buildings,
bridges, residences and other structures requiring extra stability.
• The main purpose of employing this technology is for its strong foundation characteristics of crack
and sagging resistance. Waffle slab also holds a greater amount of load compared with
conventional concrete slabs.

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FEATURES OF THE WAFFLE SLAB
• They are used on flat sites
• They are wholly above ground
• No beam excavation is required
• No controlled or rolled fill is used
• Cardboard slab panel/void formers are used
• Slab panels are on 1 metre grids (approximately)
• Trench mesh or individual bars can be used
• Slab thickness is 85 - 100 mm
• Internal beams are 110 – 200 mm wide
• There is minimal concrete volume
• No beam down drag from clay (above ground slab) occurs
• Shrinkage of slab is lower than stiffened rafts and footing slabs
• They use 30% less concrete than a stiffened raft
• They use 20% less steel than a stiffened raft.

DESIGN & PRODUCTION OF THE WAFFLE SLAB

1. PRODUCTION
• Waffle slabs can be casted by placing he pods on he formwork itself or they can be available pre-casted.
• Concrete waffle slabs can be purchased and shipped to the construction site as prefabricated or precast
sections, or they can be poured on-site.
• If prefabricated products are not in the budget, consider purchasing casts for the concrete waffle slabs.
• The pre-casted pods are then placed directly on the site and then provided with reinforcement and filled
with concrete.
2. DESIGN
• There are three basic designs for concrete slabs that improve the strength-to weight
• ratio. For each design, the top surface is flat while the underside is modulated with either a
corrugated, ribbed or waffle design.
• Corrugated slabs are created when concrete is poured into a wavy metal form. This shape
prevents the slab from sagging.
• Ribbed slabs add strength in one direction, while the concrete waffle slab design adds
strength in perpendicular directions. Concrete slabs can be reinforced with rebar for
additional strength.

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FORMWORK REQUIRED
DIFFERENT TYPES OF PODS

THE FORMWORK REQUIRED FOR WAFFLE SLABS ARE AS FOLLOWS:

• Vertical support stand • Horizontal support beams • Connectors • Wall connectors • Clits
• Pods • Metal/Steel bars • Cube junctions • Hole plates

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES
• Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than flat slabs as these systems are light in weight.
• Suitable for spans of 7m – 16m ; longer spans may be possible with posttensioning.
• It is also economical as the amount of concrete and steel is reduced as compared to flush slabs. Saving 15% concrete and 10% steel as compared to traditional T beams.
• These systems are light in weight and hence considerable saving is ensured in the framework as light framework is required.
• Coffered underside is usually left exposed for visual appearance.
DIS-ADVANTAGES
• Construction requires strict supervision and skilled labour.
• Headroom is reduced , hence increased storey height.
• Due to waffle ceiling , it creates problem in lighting facilities and hanging pipes or ducts.

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Where this system is used ?

• Waffle slab can be used as both ceiling and floor slab. They are used in the areas where less number of columns are provided, i.e.
it is basically used in the areas which has huge spans.
• Waffle slab is not used in typical construction projects. They are used for specialized projects that involve clean rooms, spaces
requiring seclusion from low frequency vibration or those needing low floor deflections.
• The concrete waffle slab is often used for industrial and commercial buildings while wood and metal waffle slabs are used in many
other construction sites.
• This form of construction is used in airports, parking garages, commercial and industrial buildings, bridges, residences and other
structures requiring extra stability.
• The main purpose of employing this technology is for its strong foundation characteristics of crack and sagging resistance. Waffle
slab also holds a greater amount of load compared with conventional concrete slabs.

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Construction Construction Technique

Grids are generally limited to the interior of a slab, leaving one

or two of the forms out to create a solid fill around the supports.
The solid fills provide the strength required for shear transfer to
the supports.
The fills also reduce the compression stresses at the soffit of
the floor around the supports, thus avoiding the necessity of
bottom reinforcement in this region.
Picture illustrate typical grid constructions using unbounded
tendons.
A light top mesh over the grid is generally the only top
reinforcement at the interior of the floor panels.

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Design & Production of the Waffle Slab Design :

Production : • There are three basic designs for concrete slabs that
improve the strength-to weight
• Waffle slabs can be casted by placing he pods on he formwork ratio. For each design, the top surface is flat while the
itself or they underside is modulated with either
can be available pre-casted. a corrugated, ribbed or waffle design.
• Concrete waffle slabs can be purchased and shipped to the • Corrugated slabs are created when concrete is poured into
construction site as a wavy metal
prefabricated or precast sections, or they can be poured on-site. form. This shape prevents the slab from sagging.
• If prefabricated products are not in the budget, consider • Ribbed slabs add strength in one direction, while the
purchasing casts for concrete waffle slab
the concrete waffle slabs. design adds strength in perpendicular directions. Concrete
slabs can be
reinforced with rebar for additional strength.

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 MODULAR COORDINATION
Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of dimension and space in which buildings and components are
dimensioned and positioned in terms of basic unit or module.
A module: a basic dimension which could for example form the basis of a planning grid in terms of multiples and submultiples
of standard module.
AIM
To achieve dimensional compatibility between building dimensions, span, or spaces and the sizes of components or
equipment by using related modular dimensions.
CONTROLLING REFERENCE SYSTEM
MODULAR COORDINATION DESIGN RULES

• Basic module ( M = 100 mm)

• Horizontal planning module [MH = 3M (300mm)]
• Vertical planning module [MV = M (100mm)]
• Reference systems for positioning of components and spaces.
• Multi modules (3M, 6M, 9M, 12M . . .)
• Submodules M/2, M/4
HORIZONTAL CONTROLLING VERTICAL CONTROLLING
DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS
BASIC SYMBOLS
MODULAR REFERENCE SYSTEM
• The term modular reference systems is
the three dimensional system of
orthogonal spacecoordinates
within the positions and sizes of
components, elements and installations
can be related by references to points,
lines, or planes.

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 MODULAR COORDINATION
REFERENCE SYSTEMS FOR POSITIONING OF COMPONENTS AND SPACES
• ○ BOUNDARY REFERENCE
• ○ AXIAL REFERENCE
• ○ INTERAXIAL REFERENCE
• ○ FLUSH REFERENCE
1. BOUNDARY REFERENCE BOUNDARY GRID

• Coordinates the position of the building components.

• Determines the nominal size of components.
• Placement of component within two Parallel modular
coordinating grids or planes so that it fills the space or zone.
AXIAL GRID
2. AXIAL REFERENCE

Coordinates the position of a components by placing the

Component so that the middle-axis coincides with a modular 3. INTERAXIAL REFERENCE
coordinating grid of plane Coordinates the position and dimension of building
component by a reference

4. FLUSH REFERENCE
modular zone

INTERAXIAL GRID
Coordinates the position of components by placing one
FLUSH GRID
surface of the component flush on to a modular
coordinating grid or plane

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 MODULAR COORDINATION
DESIGNING WITH COMPONENTS
Must be conceptualized early in design stage. bearing on choice of planning grids and
approaches.
1. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
3. FINISHES
• Columns
• Beam  ceiling finishes
• Floor Slab  floor finishes
• Staircase
 wall finishes
2. NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS EXAMPLE :- COLOUMN
n x 3M

n x 3M n x 3M

 cladding  basic dimensions - 3M / multiples of 3M

n x 3M

 dimensions fit into modular grid – planning BOUNDARY PLANNING

 partition
n x 3M

structural grid
 dimensions are for finished dimensions
 doors, windows DISPLACEMENT OF GRID PLANNING

DOOR
MODULAR RULES FOR 3-D COMPONENT
1. MONOLITHIC 3-D COMPONENT

components are dimensioned and placed inside, within the

horizontal and vertical planning module
2. NONMONOLITHIC 3-D COMPONENT
components are dimensioned and placed inside, within the
horizontal and vertical planning module

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 FEATURE ADVANTAGES BENEFITS
a Pre-Engineered No need for an engg/architect. No hidden design costs.

b Ease of Coordination Ability to supply single source Buying is simple with local
installation through factory-trained support
distributor network. & assistance.
c Appearance Attractive integrated systems Consistent high quality in both
manufactured to your exact. appearance & design.
d Speedy Installation Fewer disruptions to plant operations Maintains plant productivity
during
building installation.
e No Mess No need to seal off areas against Eliminates additional labor costs
dust. &
minimizes plant disruption.
f Low Maintenance Pre-finished walls require little Eliminates costly painting &
maintenance beyond occasional other
surface cleaning maintenance & repairs.
g Durability Reinforced cavity & tough quality Long lasting product will perform
facings decrease chances of damage. for years without deterioration.

h Adaptability Quickly & easily Provides maximum flexibility to

reloadable, expandable & reusable. meet your company's needs.

i Sound Resistance Fire & Sound panels provide superior Noise level reduction produces a
sound deadening. more productive work
environment.

j Accelerated Depreciation is over 7 years vs. 31- Quicker return on investment.

Depreciation 1/2 years for conventional
construction.

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 STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Formworks
Qualities of formwork
• Forms are molds to receive concrete in its’ plastic form.
• It should be water tight
• Formwork is temporary structure, as such, it is not normally
• It should be strong
shown on the drawings.
• It can be reusable
• Its contact surface should be uniform
• It should be according to the size of member.

Types of formwork
• Formwork are mainly of two types
Formwork for Beams and Slabs • Steel formwork

Definition • Wooden formwork

• Its is an artificial support provided below and around the precast or • Steel formwork is made of
cast in situ concrete work. • Steel sheets
• Formwork is commonly made of • Angle Iron
• Steel • Tee Iron
• wood • Wooden formwork consists of
• Formwork construction & casting is of prime importance in • Props
concrete industry. It share a significant amount of concrete cost. • Planks battens
• Ledgers
• sheeting

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• Temporary Structure - Temporary structure required to safely support
Compared with timber formwork
concrete until it reaches adequate strength.
• Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than
• Permanent Structure -Permanent formwork remains in situ for the life of
timber formwork and their reuses are more in number.
the building
• Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease
Steel Formwork
and speed.
• This consist of panels fabricated out of thin steel plates stiffened
• The quality of exposed concrete surface by using steel forms
along the edges by small steel angles.
is good and such surfaces need no further treatment.
• The panel units can be held together through the use of suitable
• Steel formwork does not absorb moisture from concrete.
clamps or bolts and nuts.
• Steel formwork does not shrink or warp.
• The panels can be fabricated in large number in any desired
modular shape or size.
STEEL FORMWORK AND ACCESSORIES
• Steel forms are largely used in large projects or in situation where
• Steel formwork systems for every size and shape of
large number reuses of the shuttering is possible.
ground plan, in practical dimension & equipped with
• This type of shuttering is considered most suitable for circular or
different features to make shuttering more efficient.
curved structures.

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