EYE EXAMINATION

Nabila kanwal
Farah Naz
Hina idrees
Saba Mansha
Muqadas Ashiq
EYE EXAMINATION

Attiya Rafique
Shehrum Khan
Misbah Aziz
Amrina Tahir
Hafiza Naila
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this presentation the learner will be
able to:
 Define the eye

 Discuss the anatomy and physiology of the eye

 Explain the assessment of internal and external

structure of the eye
 Differentiate Normal and abnormal findings

 References
EYE

The human eye has been called the most complex

organ in our body. It's amazing that something so
small can have so many working parts.
STRUCTURE OF THE EYE
The eyeball has three layers namely:
 The outer fibrous layer(sclera and cornea)

 The middle vascular layer(iris, cilliary

body and choroid)
 The inner nervous tissue layer(retina)
CONTI…

Interior of the eye ball

 Aqueous humour

 Lens

 Vitreous

Accessory structures of the eye

 Eyebrows

 Eyelids and eyelashes

 Lacrimal apparatus

 Extra ocular muscles of the eye

STRUCTURE
External structure
 Eye lids

 The conjunctiva is a clear membrane covering the

white of the eye (sclera).
 Palpeberal conjuctiva(cover the lids)

 Bulbar conjunctiva(most of the anterior eye)

 The lacrimal appratus (glands and ducts that serve

to lubricate the eye)
 The lacrimal gland(for tear production)
CONTI…
 Extra ocular muscles(6 muscles attach to the
outer surface of each eyeball)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE

 The sclera is the white of the eye.

 The cornea is a clear, transparent portion of

the outer coat of the eyeball through which
light passes to the lens.

 The aqueous humor is a clear, watery

solution in the anterior and posterior
chambers.
CONTI…
 The iris gives our eyes color and it functions
like the aperture on a camera, enlarging in
dim light and contracting in bright light. The
aperture itself is known as the pupil.
 The pupil is the opening, or aperture, of the
iris.
 The anterior chamber is the area bounded
in front by the cornea and in back by the
lens, and filled with aqueous.
CONTI…
 The lens helps to focus light on the retina.
 The vitreous humor is a transparent,
colorless mass of soft, gelatinous material
filling the eyeball behind the lens.
 The retina is the innermost coat of the back of
the eye, formed of light-sensitive nerve
endings that carry the visual impulse to the
optic nerve. The retina may be compared to
the film of a camera.
CONTI…
 The choroid, which carries blood vessels, is
the inner coat between the sclera and the
retina.
 The optic nerve conducts visual impulses to
the brain from the retina.
 The artery is the vessel supplying blood to the
eye.
 The ciliary body is an unseen part of the iris,
and these together with the ora serrata form
the uveal tract.
CONTI…
 The macula is a small area in the retina that
provides our most central, acute vision.
 The ora serrata and the cilliary body form the
uveal tract, an unseen part of the iris.
 The posterior chamber is the area behind the
iris, but in front of the lens, that is filled with
aqueous.
 The vein is the vessel that carries blood away
from the eye
PREPARATION OF PATIENT
 Greet the patient and be polite
 Establish an interpersonal relation to build
confidence of patient
 Make patient comfortable

 Sitting arrangement in the room such as

arrange comfortable stool, adjusting room
temperature, provide a glass of water etc.
HISTORY

Demographic data:
Patient name, age, gender, address, contact number,
occupation
General observation:
Note how patient walks his stature, gait, head
position, facial asymmetry, skin color, speech and
odor
Treat as a human being
Remain aware of all aspects of the patient personal
as well as visual and occular needs
 EXAMINATION OF POSTERIOR SEGMENT
OF THE EYE
1.Subjective
examination
Visual acuity For near For distance

Field of vision Peripheral field Central field

Color vision

2.Objective
examination
Electrooculography

Electroretinography
GENERAL HISTORY
 Duration of complain,
 History of recurance ,

 Associated with other occular symptoms

 Progression of disease

 Duration of treatment received

 History of injuries and surgeries

 Last eye examination

MEDICAL HISTORY
 History of hypertension,
 History of diabeties millitus,

 History of thyroid disease,

 History asthma or arthritis

 History of Multiple sclerosis

 Family history of similar eye disease or

inflamation
EXAMINATION OF IRIS
REFERENCES
 Andrew, R. J., Subramanian, K. A., & Tiple, A. D.
(2008). A handbook on common odonates of
Central India. In Published by the South
Asian Council of Odonatology (SACO), India,
during the 18th International Symposium of
Odonatology”(ISSN-978-81-910409-1-3),
54pp.
 Buchholz, W., & Schymura, M. (2013). How can pure
social discounting be ethically justified?. ZEW-
Centre for European Economic Research
Discussion Paper, (13-008).