Population Health & Infrastructure

(RD – 554)
B.S Part -111
Second Semester
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF
POPULATION
• Introduction
• Population Health:
• Population health has been defined as the health
outcomes of a group of individuals , including the
distribution of such outcomes within the group.
• It is an approach to health that aims to improve the
health of an entire population one major step in
achieving. This aim is to reduce health inequalities
among population groups.
• Population health seeks to step beyond the individual
level focus on main stream medicine and public
health by addressing a board range of factors that
impact on a population level such as environment,
social structure, resource distribution etc.
• An important theme in population health is importance
of social determinants of heath and relatively major
impact that medicine and health care have on
improving health overall.
• From a population health perspective health has been
defined not simply as a state force from diseases but as
the capacity of people to adopt , to respond to, or
control life challenges and changes.
 • Linkages: Population Health& Health
Infrastructure
Population Health Health Infrastructure
Individual health care Health services

Family health care ENT centers

Causes of ill health Hospitals

Over population Rural Health Centers

pollution Village health care centers

Unequal food distribution Family welfare centers

Population Health Health Infrastructure

Food consumption Maternity homes

No health care facilities Child care centers

No access towards medical centers

• Demography:
• The term demography has been derived from two
Greek words meaning Demos or the people to draw
or write.
• Study of human population , include of composition ,
distribution as well as other factors.
• The study of human population as known as human
population studies. Population studies means studies
concerned with population .
• The term demography on the other hand has been
derived from the Latin term “Demos” meaning
people. There fore demography is the science of
population.
• Demography means the study of statistics such as
birth rate, deaths, income or the incidence of
diseases, which illustrate the changing structure of
human populations.
• Keeping in the view decision making policy are
making in term of demography we know the basic
needs and predict the future population. It is helpful
in the decision making policy
• Demographic data is calculated by three methods
• 1. Census: An official, usually periodic enumeration
of a population, often including the collection of
related demographic information .
• 2. Registration of the vital Events( Records)
• It is a regular and continuous registration of vital
events. Civil registration system, which record births,
deaths, marriages etc.
• 3. Sample Survey: sample survey is another source
of demographic data carried out in a scientifically
selected area which covers only a section or portion
( sample) of the population under consideration.
 Measurement of Demography

• Ratio: is a quecient of any two demographic

quantities. It is the result of dividing one
quantity by an other.
No of Doctors population= No: of Doctors
No: of population
• Proportion : is a ratio which indicates the
relation in magnitude of a part of the whole.
Examples: Males to total population ratio
Males X 100
Males + Females
 CHAPTER TWO
POPULATION GROWTH IN PAKISTAN
AND AROUNRD THE WORLD
• Definition of Population:
• The number of people who live in a place.
• A group of a people or animals of a particular kind that
live in a place.
• The number of people living in a area.
• Theory of Population:
• A theory of population is an explanation of the
phenomenon of population growth. It tries ton explain the
rise and fall , the growth and decrease of population in
different countries. It surveys the trends and analysis the
cause of the various stages in the curve of the population.
Based upon data in one or more particular countries. A
population theory seeks to generalize about the laws of
population.
• Thomas Malthus and his Theory: ( 1766 – 1834)
• Thomas Malthus, an English philosopher who was
the first man to publicly predict the limits of human
population and how population and well being are
connected.
• In 1798, Malthus wrote “ an Essay on the principle of
population” , which explained his predications and
changed the view of many people.
• Population Growth:
• The increase in the total number of a population in a
country its also as change in population over time the
world population is 6.8 billion.
• Population Growth Rate:
• The average annual percentage in population, resulting
from a surplus ( or deficit) or births over deaths and the
balance of migrants entering and leaving a country the rate
may be positive or negative.
the growth rate is a factor in determining how great a
burden would be imposed on a country by a changing
needs of its people for infrastructure ( e.g. schools ,
hospitals, housing, roads) resources ( e.g. food, water
electricity) and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen
as threatening by neighboring countries.
• Population Density:
• Population density is a measurement of population per
unit area to humans. It refers to a average number of
persons living per square kilometer.
• Population density is population divided by mid year
population total land area. The population density in
Pakistan is 231 in 2012- 2013. due to un even
distribution of population ,its density in Pakistan varies
dramatically, ranging from scarcely populated arid
areas, specially in Baluchistan to seem of the highest
urban densities like Karachi and Lahore.
• Birth Rate:or ( CBR)
• Crude birth rate ( CBR) is the annual number of live
births during a year per one thousand persons in the
population at mid year. Also known as CBR. The
birth rate is usually dominant factor in determining
the rate of population growth. CBR of more than 30
per thousand is considered high and a rate of less
than 18 per thousand is considered low. The global
CBR in 2013 was 20 per thousand, while the CBR in
Pakistan has been marginally improved from 26.8
percent in 2013 to 26.4 percent in 2014.
• Death Rate:
• The average annual number of deaths during a year
per 1000 population at mid year. The death rate while
only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a
country ,accurately indicates the current mortality
impact on population growth.
• This indicator is significantly affected by age
distribution and most countries will eventually show
a rise in the overall death rate
• .
• Causes of Rural / Urban Migration:
• The rural urban migration is lack of inadequate
social amenities and facilities in the rural areas.
these include electricity, good roads , hospitals ,
schools etc. inadequate jobs in rural areas also make
many youths to migrate to the urban areas that can
provide better opportunities for them .
• Rural / urban migration has negative consequence. It
leads to over population of the urban areas thus
encouraging crime in the society. In view of the
negative consequence , Government of the each
country of the world should strive to provide social
amenities and facilities in the rural areas and also
provide jobs for the citizens in the rural areas.
 CHAPTER FOUR
DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESS: HEALTH &
MIGRATION
• Mortality Rate:
• Meaning: The quality or state of being mortal.
• The ratio of deaths in area to the population of that
area. Expressed per 1000 per year.
• Mortality means deaths , specially on large scale.
• Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths
( in general or due to specific cause) in a population
scaled to the size of that population , per unit of time.
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying
before reaching one year of age per 1000 live births
in a given year.
• Fertility Rate:
• Total (births per women) total fertility rate represents
the number of children that would be born to a
women if she were to live to the end of her child
bearing years and bear children in accordance with
current age specific fertility rates.
• ( TFR) total fertility rate of population is the average
number of children that would be born to a women
over her life time.
• Life Expectancy:
• The average period that a person may expect to live.
• Life expectancy is the number of years a person would
be expected to live, starting from birth and its measures
quantity rather than quality of life.
• Life expectancy in women is higher than men. Currently
the global life of expectancy for both male and female is
70 years. However, while considering it gender wise the
life expectancy for males is 68 years and for female is 73
years. A difference of 5 years.
• In Pakistan the average life expectancy has improved
from 64.4 in 2013 to 64.9 in 2014 , for males and
females, it has improved from 66.5 in 2013 to 66.9 in
2014.
 CHAPTER SIX
POPULATION , SOCIO ECONOMICS
• Socio economic status ( SES) is an economic and
sociological combined total measure of a persons
work experience and of an individuals or family's
economic and social position in relation to others,
based on income, education and occupation.
• Socio economic status is typically broken into three
categories.
• 1. High socio economic status
• 2. Low socio economic status
• 3. Middle socio economic status
• The world population increasing every year .
• The increase in population is followed by the
increase of needs.
• Un controlled growth can cause problems in the
availability of resources needed by people. Therefore
some efforts to control the population growth should be
put into action in order to minimize the problems that
may occur.
• Population of Inhabitants: ( people or residence)
• The change in the population in an area over a period of
time is called population dynamics.
• A population dynamics showing an increasing number
of inhabitants is called population growth .
• A rapid population growth which exceeds the
availability of natural resources is called population
explosion or over population . If the population growth
can not be controlled that over population will occur.