DR Shahid Manzur

Associate Professor
Department of Diagnostic
Radiology
BVH
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Mineral storage
• Blood cell formation
(hemopoiesis)
• Triglyceride storage
 spongy bone
Proximal compact bone
epiphysis
Endosteum

diaphysis
epiphyseal line

yellow marrow

Sharpey’s fibers
Distal
epiphysis periosteum
hyaline cartilage
 Haversian
spongy system
bone

central
canal
osteocyte

compact
bone periosteum
 osteocytes
in lacunae

canaliculi
in matrix
central
canal
275 bones
12 weeks (6-9
inches long)
 Fetus: 1st Endochondral Ossification
2 months

2o ossification
center

bone
cartilage
calcified
Just before
cartilage birth

epiphyseal
epiphyseal
line
plate
Childhood Adult
Fig. 06.08
• GH from anterior pituitary, which is
regulated by T3 and T4 of the
thyroid

• During puberty- sex hormones:

estrogen and testosterone

Hyposecretion of GH- dwarfism

Hypersecretion of GH- gigantism
• Parathyroid hormone- stimulates
osteoclasts
• Calcitonin- inhibits osteoclasts

Maintains homeostasis
 Builds new bone
Osteoblast

Mature bone cell

Osteocyte

Osteoclast
Eats bone
hematoma
callus bony callus
bone
remodeling
 Usually treated by realignment
• Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal)
bone breaks cleanly; no penetration
• Compound- bone penetrates through skin
• Comminuted- bone fragments into many
pieces; aged or brittle bones
• Compression- bone is crushed
• Depressed- broken bone portion is
depressed inward
• Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into
each other
• Spiral- excessive twisting of bone
• Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely
Oblique Comminuted Spiral Compound
1. Electrical stimulation of the fracture site:
• Increases speed and completeness of healing
• The e- stimulation inhibits PTH and slow osteoclasts
down from reabsorbing bone
2. Ultrasound treatment:
• Daily treatments reduce healing time of broken bones
by 25-35%
3. Free vascular fibular graft technique:
• Transplant fibula in arm
• Gives good blood supply not available in other
treatments
4. Bone substitutes:
• Crushed bone from cadaver- but risk of HIV and
hepatitis
• Sea bone- coral
• Artificial bone- ceramic
Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption
outpaces bone deposit; bones
become lighter and fracture easier
Factors:
• age, gender (more in women)
• estrogen and testosterone decrease
• insufficient exercise (or too much)
• diet poor in Ca++ and protein
• abnormal vitamin D receptors
• smoking
29 40 84 92
• Rickets- vitamin D deficiency
• Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate
mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D
• Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the
bones, excessive and abnormal bone
remodeling
• Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune
reaction