Radiation Heat Transfer

P M V Subbarao
Associate Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
IIT Delhi

Select a Suitable Geometry to meet

the industrial needs...
How to Make Things to Look Beautiful
How to Make Things to Look Beautiful
 Radiosity
• The radiosity of a surface is the rate at which
radiation energy leaves a surface per unit area.

Spectral Radiosity:
2 / 2
J  ( )    I  , , cos sin dd
0 0
,e  r

Total Radiosity


 2  / 2 
J     I  ,e r  , ,   cos  sin dd d
0 0 0 
 Radiative Heat Transfer

Consider the heat transfer between two

black surfaces, as shown in Figure.
What is the rate of heat transfer into
Surface B?
To find this, we will first look at the
emission from A to B.
Surface A emits radiation as described in

qA,emitted   AA T 4
A A

This radiation is emitted in all directions, and only a fraction of it

will actually strike Surface B.
This fraction is called the shape factor, F.
The amount of radiation striking Surface B is therefore:

qB,incident  FAB AA T 4

A A

All the incident radiation will contribute to heating of Surface B :

qB,absorbed  FABA T 4
A A

Above equation is the amount of radiation gained by Surface B

from Surface A.
To find the net heat transfer rate at B, we must now subtract the
amount of radiation emitted by B:

qB,emitted  A T B B
4
 The net radiative heat transfer (gain) rate at Surface B is

qB  qB ,absorbed  qB ,emitted

qB  FA BA T  A T 4
A A B B
4

Similarly, the net radiative heat transfer (loss) rate at Surface A is

q A  FB  AA T  A T
B B
4 4
A A

What is the relation between qA and qB ?

 Shape Factors

• Shape factor, F, is a geometrical

factor which is determined by the
shapes and relative locations of
two surfaces.
• Figure illustrates this for a
simple case of cylindrical source
and planar surface.
• Both the cylinder and the plate are
infinite in length.
• In this case, it is easy to see that
the shape factor is reduced as the
distance between the source and
plane increases.
• The shape factor for this simple
geometry is simply the cone angle
(θ) divided by 2π
Geometrical Concepts in Radiation Heat Transfer
 Human Shape Factors

Wherever artificial climates are created for human occupation, the

aim of the design is that individuals experience thermal comfort in
the environment.
Among other factors thermal comfort depends on mean radiant
temperature.
Flame to Furnace Wall Shape Factors
 Radiative Heat Exchange between Two Differential
Area Elements
• The elements dAi and dAj are isothermal at
temperatures Ti and Tj respectively. dA j
• The normals of these elements are at angles
i and j respectively to their common nj
normal. j
• The total energy per unit time leaving dAi
ni
and incident upon dAj is: r
i
d Qi j  I b,i cosi di dAi
2

dAi
dA j cos  j
di  2
r
di is the solid angle subtended by dAj when viewed from dAi.
 dA j

nj j
The monochromatic energy per unit time ni
leaving dAi and incident on dAj is r
i

dAi

d Q ,i j  I b,i  cosi di dAi d

3
•The total energy per unit time leaving dAi and incident upon dAj is:

d Qi j  I b,i cosi di dAi

2

The monochromatic energy per unit time leaving dAi and incident
on dAj is:

d Q ,i j  I b,i  cosi di dAi d

3

 
d Q ,i  j   d Q ,i j   I b,i   cos i di dAi d
2 3

0 0
 The monochromatic energy per unit time leaving A real body
element dAi and incident on dAj is:

d Q ,i j   i  I b,i  cosi di dAi d

3

 
d Qi j   d Q ,i  j    i  I b,i   cos i di dAi d
2 3

0 0

dA j cos  j
di 
r2
 I b ,i cos  i dA j cos  j dAi
d Qb ,i  j 
2
2
r
dA j

nj j
ni
r
i

dAi

I b, j cos  j dAi cos  i dAj

d Qb, j i 
2
2
r
The fraction of energy leaving a black surface element dAi
that arrive at black body dAj is defined as the Geometric configuration
Factor dFij.

2
d Qb ,i  j
dFi  j 
eb dAi
For a diffusive surface

T
eb 4
Ib  
 
 I b ,i cos  i dA j cos  j dAi
2
dFi  j  r
Ti dAi
4

Ti cos  i dA j cos  j dAi

4

dFi  j   r 2

Ti dAi
4

cos  i cos  j dAj

dFi  j 
r 2
 Configuration Factor for rate of heat Exchange from dAi to dAj

cos  i cos  j dAj

dFi  j 
r 2

Configuration Factor for Energy Exchange from dAj to dAi

cos i cos  j dAi

dFj i 
r 2
 Reciprocity of Differential-elemental Configuration
Factors

Consider the products of :

cos i cos  j dAj

dAi dFi  j  dAi 
r 2
cos i cos  j dAi
dAj dFj i  dAj 
r 2
cos  i cos  j dAi dA j
dA j dF j i  dAi dFi  j 
r 2
Net Rate of Heat Exchange between Two differential Black
Elements

The net energy per unit time transferred from black element dAi
to dAj along emissive path r is then the difference of i to j and j to i.

d Qb,i  j  d Qb,i j  d Qb,i j

2 2 2

2
d Qb,i  j 
I b ,i  I b, j cos  i cos  j dAi dA j
2
r
 T
eb 4
Ib of a black element = Ib  
 

 Ti  T cos  i cos  j dAi dA j

4 4


2 j
d Qb ,i  j
r 2

Finally the net rate of heat transfer from dAi to dAj is:

   
d 2Qb,i  j   Ti 4  T j4 dFi j dAi   Ti 4  T j4 dFj i dAj
Configuration Factor between a Differential Element
and a Finite Area
dAi

j Aj, Tj

j

i

cos  i cos  j dAj

dAi, Ti dFdAi dAj 
r 2
Integrating over Aj to obtain:

cos  i cos  j dA j
FdAi  A j  
Aj
r 2

dAi cos i cos  j dAj

FdAi  A j 
Aj 
Aj
r 2
 Configuration Factor for Two Finite Areas

dAi

j Aj, Tj

i cos  i cos  j dAj dAi

A A r 2

Ai, Ti FAi  A j  i j

Ai
 cos  i cos  j dAj dAi
A A r 2

FAi  A j  i j

Ai

cos  i cos  j dA j dAi


Ai A j
r 2

FA j  Ai 
Aj

Ai FAi  Aj  Aj FAj  Ai
 Radiation Exchange between Two Finite Areas

Qi j  Ti Ai Fi j

4

Q j i  T Aj Fj i
j
4

The net rate of radiative heat exchange between Ai and Aj

Qi  j  Qi j  Q j i  Ti Ai Fi j  T Aj Fj i

4
j
4
 Qi  j  Ti Ai Fi j  T Aj Fj i
4
j
4

Using reciprocity theorem:


Qi  j  Ai Fi j Ti  T 4
j
4


Qi  j  Aj Fj i Ti  T 4
j
4

 Configuration Factor Relation for An Enclosure

T1,A1
Radiosity of a black surface i TN,AN T2,A1
J1
JN J2 .
 2

2
. .
J   I  ,e ( , ,  ) cos  sin  d d d  .
0 0 0
.
Ji .
.
For each surface, i .
N . .
F
Ti,Ai
ij 1
j 1
The summation rule !
•The summation rule follows from T1,A1
TN,AN T2,A1
the conservation requirement that al
J1
radiation leaving the surface I must JN J2 .
be intercepted by the enclosures .
.
surfaces. .
.
Ji .
•The term Fii appearing in this .
summation represents the fraction of .
. Ti,Ai .
the radiation that leaves surface i and
is directly intercept by i.

•If the surface is concave, it sees itself and Fii is non zero.
•If the surface is convex or plane, Fii = 0.
• To calculate radiation exchange in an enclosure of N surfaces, a
total of N2 view factors is needed.
 Real Opaque Surfaces
Kichoff’s Law: substances that are poor emitters are
also poor absorbers for any given wavelength
At thermal equilibrium
• Emissivity of surface ( = Absorptivity(a

• Transmissivity of solid surfaces = 0

• Emissivity is the only significant parameter
• Emissivities vary from 0.1 (polished surfaces) to 0.95
(blackboard)
 Complication

• In practice, we cannot just consider the emissivity or

absorptivity of surfaces in isolation
• Radiation bounces backwards and forwards between
surfaces
• Use concept of “radiosity” (J) = emissive power for real
surface, allowing for emissivity, reflected radiation, etc
 Radiosity of Real Opaque Surface
• Consider an opaque surface.
• If the incident energy flux is G, a part of
it is absorbed and the rest of it is
reflected.
• The surface also emits an energy flux of
E.
J  Eb  G
Rate of Energy leaving a surface: J A
Rate of Energy incident on this surface: GA
Net rate of energy leaving the surface: A(J-G)

Rate of heat transfer from a surface by radiation: Q = A(J-G)

q  A(Eb  G  G)
 Enclosure of Real Surfaces
T1,A1
TN,AN T2,A1
J1
JN J2 .
. .
Ei iGi .

. Gi
Ji .
.
.
. .
Ti,Ai
For Every ith surface
The net rate of heat transfer by radiation:

qi  Ai ( Ei  i Gi  Gi )  Ai J i  Gi 
 J i  ( i Eb,i  i Gi )
For any real surface: a i  i   i  1
For an opaque surface: a i  i  1  a i  1  i
If the entire enclosure is at Thermal Equilibrium, From Kirchoff’s law:

a i   i  1  i  i  1   i
Substituting all above:
 J i   i Ebi 
J i  ( i Eb,i  1   i Gi )  Gi   
 1 i 
   J i   i Ebi 
qi  Ai  J i   
  1   i 

 
 E  J 
qi  Ai  bi i

 1   i
Ai 
  i 
 Surface Resistance of A Real Surface

Real Surface Resistance

Black body Ebi Ji Actual Surface
qi
1 i Ji
Ai
i
Ei iGi
Ebi –Ji : Driving Potential Gi

1 i
Ai :surface radiative resistance
i
Qi
 Radiation Exchange between Real Surfaces

• To solve net rate of Radiation from a surface, the radiosity Ji must be

known.
• It is necessary to consider radiation exchange between the surfaces of
encclosure.
• The irradiation of surface i can be evaluated from the radiosities of all
the other surfaces in the enclosure.
• From the definition of view factor : The total rate at which radiation
reaches surface i from all surfaces including i, is:

N
Ai Gi   Fji Aj J j
j 1
From reciprocity relation
N
Ai Gi   Fij Ai J j
j 1
 qi  Ai J i  Gi 
N
Gi   Fij J j
j 1

 N 
qi  Ai  J i   Fij J j 
 j 1 
 N N 
qi  Ai   Fij J i   Fij J j 
 j 1 j 1 
 N  N
qi  Ai   Ai Fij J i  J j    Qij
 j 1  j 1
  N  N
Qi  Ai   Ai Fij J i  J j    Qij
 j 1  j 1
This result equates the net rate of radiation transfer from surface
i, Qi to the sum of components Qij related to radiative exchange
with the other surfaces.

Each component may be represented by a network element for

which (Ji-Jj) is driving potential and (AiFij)-1 is a space or
geometrical resistance.
 
 N   Ebi  J i 
Qi  Ai   Ai Fij J i  J j   Ai 
 

 j 1   1   i Ai 
 i
 

Geometrical (View Factor) Resistance
 Relevance?
• “Heat-transfer coefficients”:
– view factors (can surfaces see each other?
Radiation is “line of sight” )
– Emissivities (can surface radiate easily? Shiny
surfaces cannot)
 Basic Concepts of Network Analysis

Analogies with electrical circuit analysis

• Blackbody emissive power = voltage
• Resistance (Real +Geometric) = resistance
• Heat-transfer rate = current
 Resistance Network for ith surface interaction in an
Enclosure Q i1

T1,A1
T2,A1 J1
TN,AN Qi2
J1
JN J2 . J2
.
.
Ei iGi 1
. Ai Fi 1
. Gi 1
Ji . Ai Fi 2
. Ebi Ji
. 1 Qi3
. . Qi J3
Ti,Ai Ai Fi 3
1 i 1

i 1 Ai Fi N 1 JN-1
Ai Fi  N QiN-1
JN
QiN