Fundamental Rules on

Citations
Presentation Overview

 Introduction
 Rules on Footnoting
 Citation
Forms
 General Rules of Usage

 Bibliography
Introduction
The Cases of Students A and B

Student A Student B

 Male, with decent grades  Female, honors student

 Chose a simple thesis topic  Part of the Student Council

 “I just want to get this over  Effect of plagiarism
and done with.”
 Delayed for one year
 Failing grade
 Effect of plagiarism:
 Delayed for one year
 Failing grade
Why cite?

 Avoid plagiarizing another’s work

the future researcher to find one’s
 Aid
sources
 Provide evidence for one’s argument
How long does it take to cite?

 Not an overnight thing

 Tip:
 Complete the citation details while writing
the body
Which sources should one cite?

 Primary authorities
 Secondary authorities
 Books
 Journal articles
 Theses
 News clips
 Reliable websites
How to cite?

 Footnotes
 The Bluebook
 Full citations v. subsequent citations
 Requires precision
Shortcut Keys

Windows Mac
Footnote Ctrl + alt + F
Small Caps Ctrl + shift + K
§ (section Alt + N + U +
symbol) M
¶ (paragraph Alt + N + U +
symbol) M
Basics – Footnotes

 Philippine Constitution:
PHIL. CONST. art. ___, § ___, ¶ ___.
Note:
Always cite the Constitution in full.

1. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.

2. PHIL. CONST. art. II, § 3.
Basics – Footnotes

 Codes/Statutes:

Full Title [Short Title], Statute Number,

subdivisions, (year).
 Remove “of the Philippines” in the short
title
3. An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil
Code of the Philippines [CIVIL CODE],
Republic Act No. 386, art. 21 (1950).
Basics – Footnotes

 Subsequent citations:
Codes: Short Title, subdivisions.
Statutes: Short Title / Number,
subdivisions
4. PHIL. CONST. art. I.
5. CIVIL CODE, art. 3.
6. Id. art. 207.
Basics – Footnotes

 For regular statutes (not codes): short

title is not in small caps
 Follow short title stated in the law, if any
 Ifno short title, then do not indicate a
short title
.
Basics – Footnotes

Reported Supreme Court Decisions:

Case Title, volume number
SCRA/SCAD/Phil. first page, cited
page (year).

7. Sedfrey Candelaria v. Felicisimo Agas,

436 SCRA 30, 41 (2008).
Basics – Footnotes

Supreme Court available online under

the Official Domain Name:
Case Title, Case Number, date, page,
available at URL [last accessed (date)].
7. Joey Hofilena v. Felicisimo Agas, G.R.
No. 12345, 12 March 2018, at 24,
available at www. sc.judiciary.gov.ph/xxxx
(last accessed 10 May 2018).
Basics – Footnotes

 Subsequent citations:
First Party, volume number
SCRA/SCAD/Phil. at cited page. (Do not
use supra.)

8. PHIL. CONST. art. I.

9. Candelaria, 436 SCRA at 54.
10. Id.
11. Hofilena, G.R. No. 12345 , at 23.
Basics – Footnotes

 Separate opinions
Cite like an ordinary case (J. Surname of
Justice, separate/concurring/dissenting
opinion).

12. People of the Philippines v. Mark Agas, 416

SCRA 20, 31 (2007) (J. Candelaria,
dissenting opinion).
13. Id. at 59 (J. Sta. Maria, concurring opinion).
Basics – Footnotes

 Books with Single Author

AUTHOR, TITLE cited page (year of
publication or edition number year of
publication).
14. FLORENZ D. REGALADO, CRIMINAL LAW
CONSPECTUS 45 (4th ed. 2009).
15. Id. at 342.
Basics – Footnotes

 Books with Multiple Authors

AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2 OR AUTHOR 1, ET
AL., TITLE cited page (year of publication
or edition number year of publication).

16. JOSE C. VITUG & ARNESTO D. ACOSTA, TAX

LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 89 (3d ed. 2006).
Basics – Footnotes

 Subsequent Citations
SURNAME OF AUTHOR(S), supra note
footnote, at page being cited.

17. REGALADO, supra note 14, at 13.

18. VITUG & ACOSTA, supra note 16, at 432.
Basics – Footnotes

 Consecutively Paginated Journals

Author, Title of the Article, volume number
JOURNAL first page, cited page (year).

19. Ryan Jeremiah D. Quan, Revisiting the

Element of Exploitation in the Definition
of Trafficking in Persons in Republic Act
No. 9208, 57 ATENEO L.J. 402, 405
(2012).
20. Id. at 408.
Basics – Footnotes

 Unpublished Theses
Author, Title of the Article, at page number (date)
(description, institution that awarded the degree)
(source).

21. Jose P. Tejada, A Critique of the Jurisprudence

on the Matter of Supreme Court’s Administrative
Supervision, at 11 (2002) (unpublished J.D.
thesis, University of the Philippines College of
Law) (on file with University of the Philippines
College of Law Library).
Basics – Footnotes

 Websites

Author, Title of the Article, available at

URL (last accessed date).

22. United Nations Office of the High

Commissioner for Human Rights, What are
human rights?, available at
http://www.ohcch.or/en/issues/Pages/Whatar
eHumanRights. aspx (last accessed June
26, 2016).
Basics – Footnotes

 News Articles Online

Author (if available), Headline, NEWSPAPER, date
of publication, available at URL (last accessed
date).

23. Maila Ager, Tupas on disclosure of

evidence: What’s wrong?, PHIL. DAILY
INQ., Jan. 4, 2012, available at http://
newsinfo.inquirer.net/122301/tupas-on-
disclosure-of-evidence-what’s-wrong (last
accessed June 26, 2012).
Basics – Footnotes

 Subsequent Citations

24. Quan, supra note 19, at 430.

25. Tejada, supra note 21, at 35.
26. Ager, supra note 23.
Short Citation Forms – Rules

Id. Supra.
Constitution ✗ ✗
Laws, Cases ✓ ✗
Treaties ✓ ✓
Secondary Sources ✓ ✓
Basics – Footnotes

 Other uses of footnotes: Explanations

Has the Philippines successfully transitioned

from its Marcosian26 past?

26. The Proponent uses the term “Marcosian”

to refer to the massive violations of civil
and political rights and the economic
plunder committed by those in public
office during the time of Marcos.
Exercise
General Rules of Usage
Double Citations

 Source being cited is citing another source

 Formula:
 X (citing Y).
 X = source being cited by the student
 Y = source being cited by X
Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
 Quotations – 49 words or less
 In line with text
 Inside quotation marks
 Placement of footnote reference
 After punctuation/quotation mark
 “ ________.”2
 “________”?3
Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
 Block Quotes – 50 words and above
 Single-spaced, indented on both sides,
justified
 No more double quotation marks
 Quotations within block quotes – single
 Placement of the footnote reference
 Last sentence of the last paragraph
Alterations and Omissions

 Brackets
 Alterations or substitution
 Unchanged significant mistakes in the
original
 Omitted letters or punctuations

 Ellipsis
 Omissions in the middle of the quotation
 He said that “[t]he rules … provide[.]”
Emphasis

 Emphasis supplied
 Emphasis omitted
 Citations omitted
Emphasis
Bibliography
Basics – Bibliography

 The Bibliography is the summary of the

sources you used during your research
 Itmust be organized based on these:
 Grouping
 Clustering
 Sequencing
Basics – Bibliography

 Grouping
 First
Part: Primary Authorities
 Second Part: Secondary Authorities

 Clustering
 Organize sources of the same class
together
 Example: All books must be listed
together.
Basics – Bibliography

 Grouping + Clustering

I. Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
B. Statutes
C. Cases
II. Secondary Authorities
A. Books
B. Journals
C. Internet Sources
Basics – Bibliography

 Sequencing
 For primary sources:

 Constitution – based on year of effectivity

 Statutes – based on class (BP, PD, RA)

 Then, based on year of effectivity

 If same year, based on BP/PD/RA number.

 Format: The Bluebook (same with footnotes)

 Cases – based on level of court (SC, CA, RTC)

 Then, alphabetically

 Format: The Bluebook (same with footnotes)

 Treaties, UN Documents, etc. – follow rule on statutes.
Basics – Bibliography

 Sequencing

I. Primary Authorities
A. Constitution
1987 PHIL. CONST.
1973 PHIL. CONST.
B. Statutes
Batas Pambasa
Presidential Decrees
Republic Acts
C. Jurisprudence
Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
Basics – Bibliography

 Sequencing
 Forsecondary sources: Turabian
 Surname first
 Alphabetical
Thank you.