MIZORAM,

MANIPUR AND
NAGALAND
MIZORAM
CLIMATE
 Mizoram has a mild climate, being relatively cool in
summer 20 to 29 °C (68 to 84 °F) but progressively warmer,
most probably due to climate change, with summer
temperatures crossing 30 degrees Celsius and winter
temperatures ranging from 7 to 22 °C (45 to 72 °F).
 The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from
May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season.
The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist sub-tropical,
with average state rainfall 254 centimetres (100 in) per
annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about 215
centimetres (85 in) and in Lunglei, another major centre,
about 350 centimetres (140 in).
 The state is in a region where cyclones and landslides can
cause weather-related emergencies.
LANGUAGE
 The Mizo language, or Mizo ṭawng, is a
language belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of
languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in
the Mizoram state of India and Chin State in
Burma. The language is also known as Lushai, a
colonial term, as the Lusei people were the first
among the Mizos to be encountered by
the British in the course of their colonial
expansion. Though still common, Lushai (or
Lusei, or Lushei) is considered incorrect by the
Mizo themselves.[3] The Mizo language is mainly
based on Lusei language,
COMMUNITIES
 The tribal communities inhabiting
this alluring state are referred to as
the Mizos. Known as the land of
diverse tribes and races of people
living together, the different tribes
and communities here have unique
features of their own.
 The Mizo population consists of
several ethnic groups. The diversity
of these ethnic groups reflect the
historical immigration patterns. The
majority of the Mizos are Christians.
 There are four major kinds of tribes
in Mizoram, which are the Chakma
Tribes, Pawi tribes, Ralte tribes and
the Kuki tribes.
 The tribes of Mizoram are populous,
literate, gorgeous, and wish to live
free. They reflect a friendly and a
happy go lucky personality.
ECONOMY
 Agriculture is the dominant economic activity of Mizoram,
engaging more than two-thirds of the workforce in the early 21st
century.
 Two types of agriculture are practiced: terrace cultivation, in
which crops are planted on relatively permanent, graduated
terraces on the sides of hills and mountains to conserve water and
reduce soil loss; and shifting agriculture, in which tracts—
called jhum—are cleared by burning, cultivated for a limited
period of time, and then abandoned for a number of years to allow
regeneration of the natural vegetation and nutrients in the soil.
 Rice, corn (maize), cotton, and vegetables are the main crops.
 The government of Mizoram has assisted and encouraged an
array of small-scale industries at the village level. Such industries
include sericulture (silk production), handloom and handicrafts
workshops, sawmills and furniture manufacturing, oil refining,
grain milling, and ginger processing. Major manufacturing
activities, however, have not been strongly established.
CULTURE
 The growth of Christianity,
scholars state, was shaped
from a foundation of cultural,
religious and socio-political
structure.
 of the year; it is intended both
to give thanks and to honour
deceased relatives. The pawl
kut is also a harvest festival,
which takes place in December
or January. Among shifting
agriculturalists, the chapchar
kut is held at the start of the
agricultural year, after the
forest has been felled and
before the burning of the new
fields begins.
FESTIVALS
 The state which is equipped with a
plethora of beautiful sites also has
many festivals to celebrate.
 The festivals exhibit the vast
cultural diversity of the state.
 The festival season is the season of
harvest.
 The festivals are celebrated with
great vigour and enthusiasm.
 Festivals thus play a major role in
shaping the brotherhood bonds of
the tribes, also helping them to
perform their old traditions and
rituals while renewing some old
bonds and ties.
 Each tribe has its own festival and
rituals.
CUISINE
 The Mizoram cuisine is reflective of a
rich cuisine and focuses mainly on
non-vegetarian dishes served on
banana leaves.
 Mustard oil is used for food
preparations along with the use of
spices like garlic, ginger and chilli.
Their food is less spicy as compared to
other regions.
 Rice remains a staple of their diet,
with several vegetarian and non-
vegetarian curries.
 Bamboo shoots are used to give the
dishes the aroma.
 Some of the traditional Mizo cuisines
include Bai, Vawksa Rep, and Arsa
Buhchiar
ART AND CRAFTS
 The markets of Mizoram are occupied with a large variety of art
and craft works. Textiles, bamboo, cane works, and basketry
remains the main section of craft work.
 Many women indulge in weaving and basketry, whereas the
bamboo cane sector blooms and flourishes as Mizoram is known
for its specialisation in bamboo cane craftwork. Among the
bamboo products you will find the classical handicraft of Mizoram
comprising of 'Khumbeu Ceremonial Hat' made of waterproof wild
Hnahthial leaves including other handicrafts products as shawls,
textiles, bags, utensils, flower vases and fine bamboo furnitures.
 Mizos are adept artisans and their weaving is simply superb. The
motifs, the patterns, the designs, the colors, the style all is
precisely traditional in nature.
 The Mizo women weave peculiar and traditional patterns on their
looms. The designs they weave on shawls, for instance, is typical
to the state handed down from one generation to the other
CLOTHING
 Women: There are many
traditional dresses of Mizo
women. But, the most favourite
one is the Puan, which is quite
similar to a churidar and kurta,
with three pieces of clothing - a
top clothing, a legging and a
head cloth resembling a
dupatta. While
 Men: The simplicity of men in
Mizoram is very well reflected
in their clothes, as they simply
put on a long piece of clothing,
which is their traditional
garment. During winters, they
add on coats to drape their
garment. Mizo males prefer red
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE
OF MIZORAM- ZAWLBUK HOUSE
 • They use wood and bamboo to
build tribal houses on sloping
land. • The houses have wooden
supports and bamboo matting is
affixed to the frames and to the
floor. • The rood may be made of
split bamboo covered by thick
thatch, leaves or straw. Some
houses may be built on stilts
with a small ladder for access.
Houses are rectangular in shape
and the interior is partitioned
into rooms using bamboo
screens or mats, with separate
sections for married and
unmarried members of the
family. A raised fireplace is at
one corner next to the front
door. Interior of Zawlbuk house
MANIPUR
CLIMATE
 The climate is temperate in the valley and
cold in the hills.
 In summer the average high temperature
is in the low 90s F (about 32–34 °C), while
in the winter temperatures can drop into
the mid-30s F (about 1–2 °C).
 Rainfall is abundant, with about 65 inches
(1,650 mm) of precipitation occurring
annually.
 November through February are the
state’s driest months.
PEOPLE
 About two-thirds of the people
are Meitei (Meetei), who occupy the Manipur
valley and are largely Hindus.
 Meitei women conduct most of the trade in the
valley and enjoy high social status.
 Indigenous hill tribes, such as the Nagas in the
north and the Kukis in the south, make up the
rest of the population.
 Divided into numerous clans and sections, the
people of these tribes speak languages of
the Tibeto-Burman family and practice
traditional animist religions.
 Some of the Nagas have been converted
to Christianity.
 More than three-fifths of the people
speak Manipuri, which, along with English, is
the official language of the state.
 Manipur’s population is largely
rural, Imphal being the only city of any size.
PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE
 The hills are densely covered with mixed forests containing
stands of bamboo and teak. Other trees
include oak, magnolia, and chinquapin. The
Luzon pine grows in the Naga Hills.
 Among the state’s notable plants
are rhododendrons, primroses, and blue poppies.
 Animal life includes the Asiatic elephants, tigers, leopards,
and wild buffalo.
 The Indian one-horned rhinoceros, once found occasionally
in Manipur, has largely disappeared from the state because
of illegal poaching. The brow-antlered deer is in danger
of extinction.
 Gaurs are the largest wild bison in the world; the mithan
(gayal), the domesticated form, is widely distributed in the
state.
ECONOMY
 Agriculture and forestry are the main sources of income.
 Rice is the major crop, and the rich soil also supports
corn(maize), sugarcane, mustard, tobacco, orchard fruits,
and pulses (legumes).
 Terracing is common in the hills, where the farmers plow
the ground with hand hoes.
 Among some of the hill tribes, domestic animals are kept
only for meat and are not milked or used for hauling.
 Teak and bamboo are major forestry products.
 The Nagas are known to use intoxicants to catch fish.
CULTURAL LIFE
 Polo and field hockey are popular
sports.
 Manipur has given birth to an
indigenous form of classical dance
known as manipuri. Unlike
other Indian dance forms, hand
movements are used decoratively
rather than as pantomime, bells are
not accentuated, and both men and
women perform communally. The
dance dramas, interpreted by a
narrator, are a part of religious life.
 Themes are generally taken from the
life of Krishna, the pastoral god
of Hinduism.
 Long an isolated art
form, manipuri was introduced to
the rest of India by the
poet Rabindranath Tagore in 1917.
CUISINE
 Chamthong or Kangshoi – A healthy vegetable stew: This dish is
very popular in Manipur. It is a vegetable stew. It consists of
seasonal vegetables that are boiled and flavoured with sliced
onions, cloves, salt, garlic, maroi and a bit of ginger. This stew is
served with rice or fish and is supposed to be consumed piping hot.
Eromba – A delightful combination of boiled
vegetables and fish: Here is another favourite dish
among the Manipuris. Their cuisine almost always
includes a type of fish called Ngari. Eromba is
prepared by boiling a tonne of vegetables along with
some fermented fish. It is mixed until the texture
becomes like a paste. Finally, it is garnished with
maroi and a sprinkle of coriander leaves.
Morok Metpa – A spicy and delicious chutney: Just like coriander
chutney is popular in Mumbai city, the Morok Metpa chutney is a hit in
Manipur! It is prepared using dried green chillies. The chillies are
mashed into a paste and then boiled with some Ngari fish. Once again,
it is mashed and then sprinkled with salt. Enjoy it with all kinds of
meals.
ART
 The state of Manipur is also one of the largest producers of
bamboo crafts in India.
 Wood Carving, textile weaving, stone carving, block
printing and hand-embroidery, Papier mache, decorative
ivory, collectible dance dolls, bamboo, and cane work are
some of the many crafts of this state.
 The pottery skill is worth seeing in Manipur, the locals are
skilled in making black as well as ceramic pottery.
 On the other hand, the tribes of Andro, Thongjao, and
Nungbi have mastered the skill of pottery over the
centuries and that too without the use of a potters’ wheel.
 Wood carving is one of the top products you can find in
Manipur. The craftsmen depend on local wood to make
products like a wooden tray, spoon, and drum, etc.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF
MANIPUR- MEITEIYUMJAO
This is a perfect dwelling unit of an
ideal Meitei family, few generations
back. Few people of our generation had
the opportunity to live in it and enjoy
the essence of it and cherish the life
style. • The complete straw reinforced
mud thick wall up to the roof height,
embedding the main load bearing post
bamboos with Pungjei in different
heights as reinforcement steel grass
rod. • The distribution of entire house
into different kas – Phamel ka,
lukhumka, ,leimarelka, piba Ka,
ningolka, chakhumka, sanamahi
laipham, Grain storage space and
Mangolka . • It shows specific separate
space for specific functions. This
reflects the respect, privacy and
identity given to each member of the
family and their personal spaces. This
is the origin of our sincerity, honesty,
character and culture.
NAGALAND
CLIMATE
 Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity
levels. Annual rainfall averages around 1,800–2,500
millimetres (70–100 in), concentrated in the months of May to
September.
 Temperatures range from 21 to 40 °C (70 to 104 °F). In winter,
temperatures do not generally drop below 4 °C (39 °F), but
frost is common at high elevations.
 The state enjoys a healthy, pleasant climate.
 Summer is the shortest season in the state that lasts for only
a few months. The temperature during the summer season
remains between 16 to 31 °C (61 to 88 °F).
 Winter makes an early arrival and bitter cold and dry weather
strikes certain regions of the state. The maximum average
temperature recorded in the winter season is 24 °C (75 °F).
 Strong northwest winds blow across the state during the
months of February and March.
PEOPLE
 The Naga people are an
various individuals or
ethnic groups associated to
the North Eastern part of
India and
northwestern Myanmar.
The tribes have similar
cultures and traditions,
and form the majority of
population in the Indian
state of Nagaland, with
significant populations
in Manipur, Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam in Indi
a and the Sagaing
Division of Myanmar.
PLANT AND ANIMAL LIFE
 About one-sixth of Nagaland is covered by tropical and sub-
tropical evergreen forests—including palms, bamboo, rattan as
well as timber and mahogany forests.. Many staple Indian species
live in Nagaland including dholes, pangolins, porcupines,
elephants, leopards, bears, many species of monkeys, deer, and
buffaloes thrive across the state's forests.
 The great Indian hornbill is one of the most famous birds found in
the state. Blyth's tragopan, a vulnerable species of pheasant, is
the state bird of Nagaland. The state is also known as the "falcon
capital of the world.”
 Mithun (a semi-domesticated gaur) is the state animal of
Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of
the Government of Nagaland. It is ritually the most valued
species in the state.
 Nagaland is home to 396 species of orchids, belonging to 92
genera of which 54 having horticultural and medicinal economic
importance.
ECONOMY
 Agriculture employs about nine-tenths of the population.
 Rice, corn (maize), small millets, pulses (legumes), oilseeds,
fibres, sugarcane, potato, and tobacco are the principal crops.
 Nagaland, however, still has to depend on imports of food from
neighbouring states. The widespread practice of jhum has led
to soil erosion and loss of soil fertility
 Until the early 1970s, only cottage industries (e.g., weaving,
woodwork, basketry, and pottery) existed in the state.
 Poor transport and communications and a lack of raw
materials, financial resources, and power hindered industrial
growth.
 Dimapur, the state’s leading industrial centre, has a sugar
mill and distillery, a brick factory, and a television assembly
plant.
 Other industries in the state include the manufacture
of khandsari (molasses), foodstuffs, paper, plywood, and
furniture products.
CULTURAL LIFE
 The 16 main tribes of Nagaland
are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang,
Chang, Dimasa
Kachari, Khiamniungan, Kony
ak, Kuki, Lotha, Phom,
Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, S
umi, Yimchunger, and Zeliang.
The Angamis, Aos, Konyaks,
Lothas, and Sumis are the
largest Naga tribes; there are
several smaller tribes as well.
 Folk songs and dances are
essential ingredients of the
traditional Naga culture. The
oral tradition is kept alive
through folk tales and songs.
Naga folk songs are both
romantic and historical, with
songs narrating entire stories of
famous ancestors and incidents.
There are also seasonal songs
which describe activities done in
an agricultural season.
Tribal dances of the Nagas give
an insight into the inborn Naga
reticence of the people.
War dances and other dances
belonging to distinctive Naga
tribes are a major art form in
Nagaland
CUISINE
 Nagaland is home to the bhut jolokia or ghost
pepper, one of the hottest chilis in the world at
855,000 SHU on the Scoville scale.
 All the tribes of Nagaland have their own
cuisine, and they use a lot of meat, fish, and
fermented products in their dishes. However,
the state dish is smoked pork cooked with
fermented soya bean.
 Naga dishes use a lot of locally grown herbs,
ghost peppers, ginger, and garlic.
 Famous dishes include snails cooked with pork
and silkworm larvae, which is an expensive
delicacy of the state.
 Galho is a vegetarian porridge cooked with
rice, leaves, and condiments.
 Drinks include zutho and thutse, beers made
with sticky rice.
ART AND CRAFTS
 Weaving is a traditional art handed down through
generations in Nagaland.
 Each of the tribe has unique designs and colours,
producing shawls, shoulder bags, decorative spears, table
mats, wood carvings, and bamboo works.
 Among many tribes, the design of the shawl denotes the
social status of the wearer.
 Some of the more known shawls
include Tsungkotepsu and Rongsu of the Ao tribe; Sutam,
Ethasu, Longpensu of the Lothas; Supong of the
Sangtams, Rongkhim and Tsungrem Khim of the
Yimchungers; the Angami Lohe shawls with thick
embroidered animal motifs etc.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF
NAGALAND
The primary construction materials
were: timber – for structural
elements, like the posts bamboo – for
walls and other structural elements
thatch – as the roofing material. •
The interior of the Sema house was
ordinarily divided into four parts – •
The Akishekhoh or front room where
the rice pounding tables were kept. •
The Abidelabo a narrow room
between the Akishekhoh and the
Amiphokiboh (hearth room) where
the • unmarried girls of the
household sleep. • The AkuzuAbo
where the head of the family (father)
and his wife sleeps. • The AzhiBo the
liquor room where rice beer is stored
in bamboo jugs.
THANK YOU
Ataharv-10
Chinmay-49
Simran-59